{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:55:25Z","timestamp":1775105725290,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internet Technology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The surge in demand of high\u2010capacity wireless information transmission links has led to emergence of novel multiplexing techniques for free space optics (FSO) over the past few years. Two such important techniques are polarization division multiplexing (PDM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. This article investigates the integration of PDM and OAM techniques in a FSO transmission system to enable 5G communication services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Four OAM beams () of 2\u2010polarization states of a single frequency laser beam are used to transport 10\u2009Gbps data independently. A total of 80\u2009Gbps net transmission rate is achieved. The visibility data for Riyadh city are collected from Saudi Meteorological Department and the attenuation coefficient is calculated using Kim, Kruse, and Al\u2010Naboulsi attenuation models. The performance of all the PDM\u2010OAM modulated signals is compared for the three\u2010attenuation models in terms of bit error rate, eye diagrams, and Q Factor of the signal at the receiver. The results show that using Kim and Kruse models, with attenuation of 0.62 and 0.64\u2009dB\/km, the maximum range of 3.8\u2009km is achieved. This is, however, reduced to 2.4\u2009km using Al\u2010Naboulsi model having attenuation of 2.03\u2009dB\/km with acceptable limits of Q Factor (\u223c6\u2009dB) and BER (\u223c9).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/itl2.603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T20:23:26Z","timestamp":1732566206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An 80 Gbps Integrated <scp>PDM<\/scp>\u2010<scp>OAM<\/scp>\u2010Enabled\u2010<scp>FSO<\/scp> Transmission for Implementing <scp>5G<\/scp> Services Under Riyadh Weather Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Hakami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Communication Center, School of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia  Johor Bahru Malaysia"},{"name":"Computer Tech, Samtah College of Technology Technical Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC)  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jafri","family":"Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Communication Center, School of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia  Johor Bahru Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Omar Abdul","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia  Johor Bahru Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Alkhedhairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advisory Board of Saudi Telecommunications Society, Electrical Engineering Department King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Zaini","family":"Alsheibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computing Islamic University of Madinah  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Adeb","family":"Salh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)  Perak Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Abdulraqeb","family":"Alhammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIRO), Malaysia\u2010Japan International Institute of Technology University of Technology Malaysia  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Husam M.","family":"Banwir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Communication Center, School of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia  Johor Bahru Malaysia"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.399168"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103311"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082\u2010022\u201004392\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.746779"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"437","article-title":"Enhanced Performance of 40Gbit\/s\u201080GHz OFDM Based Radio Over FSO Transmission Link Incorporating Mode Division Multiplexing Under Strong Atmospheric Turbulence","volume":"13","author":"Singh M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Rapid Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.934848"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277\u2010020\u201007972\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3431876"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082\u2010022\u201004310\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. I.Kim B.McArthur andE.Korevaar \u201cComparison of Laser Beam Propagation at 785 nm and 1550 nm in Fog and Haze for Optical Wireless Communications \u201dIn: Proc. SPIE 4214 Opt. Wirel. Commun. III 2001 26\u201337 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.417512.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.417512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320\u2010017\u20100336\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12516"}],"container-title":["Internet Technology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/itl2.603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T13:43:55Z","timestamp":1756475035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/itl2.603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/itl2.603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/itl2.603","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2476-1508","2476-1508"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2476-1508","type":"print"},{"value":"2476-1508","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e603"}}