{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T16:01:35Z","timestamp":1772121695358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internet Technology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unique optical properties of underwater environments, like low resolution, blurriness, and color distortion, are common challenges for underwater imaging. Consequently, the imaging equipment suffers from water turbidity, light attenuation, and scattering in aquatic environments, despite the improvement in hardware, resulting in lesser\u2010quality, distorted, and poorly contrasted color images. An innovative approach to enhance underwater images by integrating Real\u2010ESRGAN (Real\u2010Enhanced Super\u2010Resolution Generative Adversarial Network) with a Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is studied in this research to address these issues. To fine\u2010tune the model parameters and improve the overall image enhancement process, Real\u2010ESRGAN, known for its superior performance in quality image resolution enhancement, is combined with WOA, a nature\u2010inspired optimization algorithm. Extensive experiments on the LSUI dataset are conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this approach. The efficacy of the suggested approach is assessed comprehensively, combining qualitative visual analysis with quantitative metrics. The proposed method demonstrates strong quantitative performance, achieving a PSNR of 35.48, SSIM of 0.82, UIQM of 4.60, RMSE of 0.25, and entropy of 5.50. The outcomes indicate notable upgradation in image clarity, detail, and color accuracy compared to existing enhancement techniques. This research contributes to underwater imaging by offering an innovative solution that enhances the quality of underwater visuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/itl2.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T01:48:52Z","timestamp":1751248132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Improving Underwater Image Quality Through Real\u2010\n                    <scp>ESRGAN<\/scp>\n                    With Whale Optimization Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3794-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Nandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology  New Delhi India"}]},{"given":"Prerna","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology  New Delhi India"}]},{"given":"Navdeep","family":"Bohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology  New Delhi India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1034-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalpna","family":"Sagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Kiet Group of Institutions  Delhi\u2010NCR India"}]},{"given":"Aseel","family":"Smerat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hourani Center for Applied Scientific ResearchFaculty of Educational Sciences Al\u2010Ahliyya Amman University  Amman Jordan"},{"name":"Center for Research Impact &amp; Outcome Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University  Rajpura India"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences  Chennai India"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence &amp; Sensing Technologies Research Center University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Tegdan S.Ekehaug I. M.Hansen et al. \u201cUnderwater Hyperspectral Imaging for Environmental Mapping and Monitoring of Seabed Habitats. In: OCEANS 2015 Genova:1\u20136 \u201d2015.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS-Genova.2015.7271703"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"2556","article-title":"A Novel Method to Detect Corrosion in Underwater Infrastructure Using an Image Processing","volume":"13","author":"Rajasekar M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3177129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2020.115978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"4572","volume-title":"A Retinex\u2010Based Enhancing Approach for Single Underwater Image","author":"Fu X.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2022.3140563"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"WaterGAN: Unsupervised Generative Network to Enable Real\u2010Time Color Correction of Monocular Underwater Images","volume":"3","author":"Li J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Enhancement of Images Using Histogram Processing Techniques","volume":"2","author":"Vij K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Technology Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-336156-1.50061-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00776-8_62"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"441","volume-title":"Upscaling Images Using ESRGAN With Perceptual Loss","author":"Nandal P.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3497002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3174817"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3511021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"5177","volume-title":"Syreanet: A Physically Guided Underwater Image Enhancement Framework Integrating Synthetic and Real Images","author":"Wen J.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2955241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2025.3525962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3422622"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2016.2598681"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279945"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2022.102359"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-023-10197-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"426","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)","author":"Li D.","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Internet Technology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/itl2.70047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T13:44:13Z","timestamp":1756475053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/itl2.70047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/itl2.70047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/itl2.70047","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70047\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70047\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70047\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70047\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70047\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70047\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70047\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2476-1508","2476-1508"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2476-1508","type":"print"},{"value":"2476-1508","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70047"}}