{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T10:11:28Z","timestamp":1769249488068,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internet Technology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent scenario, the accurate Channel State Information (CSI) is essential for reliable performance of massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems, particularly in spatially correlated channels of wireless communications. Traditional channel estimation techniques heavily relied on the pilot symbol transmission from all antennas which resulted in pilot overhead. Therefore, this research proposes Large Transformer Model with Haar Wavelet Transform (LT\u2010HWT) for channel estimation in massive MIMO systems. The proposed LT\u2010HWT model captures both spatial and temporal dependencies by processing the sequences of partial CSI with a dual\u2010stage encoder. Initially, the temporal patterns are extracted and then integrated with spatial embeddings to reduce the missing inference of CSI. Consequently, the pretrained transformer which is a large model decoder is utilized for robust sequence modeling and improved generalization. The proposed LT\u2010HWT model significantly reduced the pilot overhead while maintain high estimation accuracy with high results when compared to existing Deep Neural Network (DNN) in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) of 0.955 and throughput of 0.891, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/itl2.70204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T18:01:22Z","timestamp":1765562482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large Transformer Model With Haar Wavelet Transform for Channel Estimation in Massive\n                    <scp>MIMO<\/scp>\n                    Systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Venkatramulu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science  Warangal India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Sathyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science and\u00a0Engineering Vemana Institute of Technology  Bengaluru India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0361-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. G.","family":"Kavitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kalpataru Institute of Technology  Tiptur India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smitha","family":"Kurian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science HKBK College of Engineering  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1423-3502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Shreedevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Navkis College of Engineering  Hassan India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/int\/2597866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2025.3556753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3566047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14040750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3551144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3533008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"ICASSP 2025\u20132025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"He Y.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3408894"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Deep Learning for Fast Channel Estimation in Millimeter\u2010Wave MIMO Systems","volume":"33","author":"Lyu S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14020307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2023.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan13050055"}],"container-title":["Internet Technology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/itl2.70204","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/itl2.70204","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/itl2.70204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T03:39:11Z","timestamp":1769139551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/itl2.70204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/itl2.70204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/itl2.70204","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2476-1508","2476-1508"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2476-1508","type":"print"},{"value":"2476-1508","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70204"}}