{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:28:15Z","timestamp":1783574895680,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Internet Technology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The increasing complexity of smart grid IoT ecosystems demands security architectures capable of resisting quantum\u2010era threats, protecting data privacy, and scaling across large distributed infrastructures. This study introduces a novel hybrid security framework that integrates quantum cryptography, deep learning\u2013based intrusion detection, and federated learning into a unified, high\u2010assurance design tailored for next\u2010generation smart grid environments. The architecture employs quantum key distribution (QKD) for secure key generation, an adaptive deep feature obfuscation layer to mitigate adversarial manipulation, and a privacy\u2010preserving federated learning pipeline that eliminates centralized data exposure. Simulation\u2010based evaluations demonstrate substantial performance gains, achieving a low quantum bit error rate (1.8%), high key\u2010generation throughput (4900 keys\/s), low latency (18\u2009ms), and intrusion detection accuracy of 98.7%, consistently outperforming conventional cryptographic and machine learning baselines. The framework further exhibits enhanced resilience against quantum\u2010based and adversarial attacks, with efficient performance maintained even under increasing network density. While real\u2010world deployment will require hardware\u2010in\u2010the\u2010loop validation and optimization for heterogeneous traffic conditions, the results indicate strong potential for securing future smart grid IoT infrastructures and supporting sustainable smart city applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/itl2.70229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T22:43:49Z","timestamp":1770158629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantum\u2010Enhanced Federated Learning Architecture for Privacy\u2010Preserving Smart Grid\n                    <scp>IoT<\/scp>\n                    Security"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7845-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Baazeem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Information Systems (MIS) College of Business, University of Jeddah  Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"\u201cQuantum Enhanced Federated Learning in Forecasting Predictive Analytics in Digital Systems.\u201d 2025 12th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom)","author":"Vasudevan S.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"\u201cRevolutionizing Machine Learning Security: The Role of Quantum\u2010Enhanced Federated Learning.\u201d 2024 International Conference on Emerging Research in Computational Science (ICERCS)","author":"Kannan E.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83682-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"\u201cQuantum\u2010Safe Federated Learning: Enhancing Data Privacy and Security.\u201d 2024 International Conference on Emerging Research in Computational Science (ICERCS)","author":"Kannan E.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2025.3571352"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3502667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3568054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3399612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2025.3552643"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3372414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21123\/2411-7986.5006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3237554"}],"container-title":["Internet Technology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/itl2.70229","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/itl2.70229","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/itl2.70229","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T23:07:04Z","timestamp":1774566424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/itl2.70229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/itl2.70229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/itl2.70229","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70229\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70229\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/ITL2.70229\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2476-1508","2476-1508"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2476-1508","type":"print"},{"value":"2476-1508","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70229"}}