{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:19:18Z","timestamp":1777364358107,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]],"date-time":"1994-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":775699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"USPHS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AR 39657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR 39657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>From a random sample of our institution's health maintenance organization (HMO), we recruited 250 white women and 112 black women, aged 55-75, all of whom were 10 or more years postmenopause with minimal estrogen exposure and free of osteoporosis, other metabolic bone disease, and medical, surgical, or therapeutic situations that may influence bone loss. Bone mass was measured in the radius, spine, and femur by DXA and in L1 by QCT. Serum samples were analyzed for parathyroid hormone, calcidiol, calcitriol, osteocalcin, and bone alkaline phosphatase and urine samples analyzed for creatinine, calcium, and hydroxyproline. Mean Z score, based on published reference data for forearm and femoral neck BMD in the white women, was not significantly different from zero, but mean Z score at the lumbar spine was 0.6 (p &amp;gt; 0.001), 17.2% of the individual values being &amp;gt;2.0. In normal white women (BMI &amp;gt; 27.3, n = 143), Z score was still &amp;gt;2.0 in 10.3%, suggesting that the upper bound of the published reference interval may be too low. After adjustment for body mass index, BMD was greater in the forearm (9.8%), spine (8.7%), and femoral neck (14.7%) in black women (p &amp;gt; 0.001 at all sites). At L1, adjusted BMC in the black women was 37.4% greater than in the white women (p &amp;gt; 0.001). Serum calcidiol was significantly lower and serum PTH and calcitriol significantly higher in the black women. Despite this, biochemical markers of bone resorption and formation were significantly lower in the black women. We conclude that skeletally healthy older black women have a greater bone mass and lower rates of bone remodeling than a comparable group of white women. These data can serve as reference intervals for the variables measured.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,3]],"date-time":"2010-02-03T16:33:56Z","timestamp":1265214836000},"page":"1267-1276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["Reference data for bone mass, calciotropic hormones, and biochemical markers of bone remodeling in older (55-75) postmenopausal white and black women"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Kleerekoper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothy A.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward L.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Research Computing, Henry Fod Hospital, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiologic Physics, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annie S.","family":"Pawluszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Research Computing, Henry Fod Hospital, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulette","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2024013113133330900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650060709","article-title":"Demonstration that bone mass is greater in black than in white children","volume":"6","author":"Bell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02075209","article-title":"Bone mineral content in black pre-schoolers: Normative data using single photon absorptiometry","volume":"20","author":"Laraque","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199112053252302","article-title":"Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls and white girls during childhood and puberty","volume":"325","author":"Gilsanz","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-6-1247","article-title":"The effects of race and body habitus on bone mineral density of the radius, hip, and spine in premenopausal women","volume":"66","author":"Liel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-4-762","article-title":"Radial and vertebral bone density in white and black women: Evidence for racial differences in premenopausal bone homeostasis","volume":"69","author":"Luckey","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib6","first-page":"257","article-title":"Bone mass, skin color, and body size in black and white women","volume":"41","author":"Nelson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bone Miner"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024013113133330900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650040606","article-title":"Influence of body habitus and race on bone mineral density of the mid-radius, hip, and spine in aging women","volume":"4","author":"DeSimone","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.1993.2.359","article-title":"Recruitment of older black and white women for a longitudinal study of skeletal health","volume":"2","author":"Nelson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596430","article-title":"A technique for measuring regional bone mineral density in human lumbar vertebral bodies","volume":"16","author":"Cody","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib10","first-page":"171","article-title":"Three dimensional measurement of regional bone density change (abstract)","volume":"177P","author":"Flynn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(09)80007-0","article-title":"Outcome variables in osteoporosis trials","volume":"13","author":"Kleerekoper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/31.10.1720","article-title":"Determination of osteocalcin in human serum: Results with two kits compared with those by a well characterized assay","volume":"31","author":"Gundberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/35.2.223","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase activity from human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2: An isoenzyme standard for quantifying skeletal alkaline phosphatase activity in serum","volume":"35","author":"Farley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/36.2.388","article-title":"Urinary total hydroxyproline measured by HPLC: Comparison of spot and timed urine collections","volume":"36","author":"Wilson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib15","article-title":"Vital Statistics Series 11, No. 238","volume-title":"Anthropometric reference data and prevalence of overweight, United States, 1976\u201380","author":"National Center for Health Statistics, Najjar MF, Rowland M","year":"1987"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib16","first-page":"75","article-title":"Reference values for trabecular and cortical vertebral bone density in single and dual-energy quantitative computed tomography","volume":"9","author":"Kalendar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650040218","article-title":"Models of spinal trabecular bone loss as determined by quantitative computed tomography","volume":"4","author":"Block","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib18","volume-title":"Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Reference Values on the Elderly","author":"Kleerekoper","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib19","volume-title":"Health Risk Behaviors 1991 HP-239","author":"Michigan Department of Public Health","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623172","article-title":"Skin color and body size as risk factors for osteoporosis","volume":"3","author":"Nelson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553759","article-title":"Correction of the effects of source, source strength, and soft-tissue thickness on spine dual-photon absorptiometry measurements","volume":"44","author":"Dawson-Hughes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)65502-5","article-title":"Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and dual photon absorptiometry for bone mineral measurements of the lumbar spine","volume":"63","author":"Wahner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2024013113133330900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S897","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01621874","article-title":"Some problems of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the clinical use","volume":"3","author":"Morita","year":"1993","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623676","article-title":"Influence of patient's weight on dual-photon absorptiometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mineral density","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650070606","article-title":"Age-related decrements in bone mineral density in women over 65","volume":"7","author":"Steiger","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone and Min Res"},{"issue":"S2","key":"2024013113133330900_bib26","first-page":"702","article-title":"Bone mineral density reference databases for American men and women","volume":"5","author":"Kelly","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582163","article-title":"The effect of overlying calcification on lumbar bone densitometry","volume":"50","author":"Drinka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-6-1372","article-title":"The influence of osteophytes and aortic calficiation on spinal mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"72","author":"Reid","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2024013113133330900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(92)91946-G","article-title":"Vertebral body osteophytosis in spinal osteoporosis","volume":"17","author":"Nelson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bone Miner"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2024013113133330900_bib30","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Assessment of vertebral fractures and deformity development using different methods: Influence of pre-existing fractures and osteophytes","volume":"52","author":"Leidig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib31","author":"Kanis","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650070902","article-title":"Perspective: How many women have osteoporosis","volume":"7","author":"Melton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"S2","key":"2024013113133330900_bib33","first-page":"S40","article-title":"Determinants of vertebral bone density in children and adolescents","volume":"52","author":"Goodman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330860406","article-title":"Principal components analysis of regional bone density in black and white women: Relationship to body size and composition","volume":"86","author":"Nelson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib35","first-page":"45","article-title":"Determinants of total body and regional bone mineral density in normal postmenopausal women\u2014a key role for fat mass","volume":"75","author":"Reid","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(87)90002-0","article-title":"Bone loss and biochemical indices of bone remodeling in surgically induced postmenopausal women","volume":"8","author":"Stepan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071003","article-title":"Biochemical parameters associated with low bone density in healthy men and women","volume":"7","author":"Sherman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"5B","key":"2024013113133330900_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90251-R","article-title":"Biochemical markers of bone turnover in diagnosis and assessment of therapy","volume":"91","author":"Riis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90214-8","article-title":"Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of the skin to synthesize vitamin D","volume":"1","author":"Clemens","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111995","article-title":"Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D endocrine system in blacks","volume":"76","author":"Bell","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812293192603","article-title":"Diminished rates of bone formation in normal black adults","volume":"319","author":"Weinstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111971","article-title":"Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects","volume":"76","author":"Bell","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024013113133330900_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071010","article-title":"Racial differences in pre- and postmenopausal bone homeostasis: Association with bone density","volume":"7","author":"Meier","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013113133330900_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-5-1452","article-title":"Calcitropic hormone levels in Polynesians: Evidence against their role in inter-racial differences in bone mass","volume":"70","author":"Reid","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjbmr.5650090817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/9\/8\/1267\/56496584\/5650090817.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/9\/8\/1267\/56496584\/5650090817.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T14:58:49Z","timestamp":1710341929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/9\/8\/1267-1276\/7500448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.5650090817","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,8,1]]}}}