{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T16:08:41Z","timestamp":1771344521852,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Programming is a vital digital skill that can equip students with the necessary competencies for future employment opportunities. However, due to inadequate metacognitive awareness, self\u2010regulation abilities, and a lack of prior programming knowledge, elementary school students may struggle with completing complex programming tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aim to propose a self\u2010regulated cooperative programming (SR\u2010CoP) approach. While exploring the effectiveness of the approach in students' programming knowledge, metacognitive awareness, and self\u2010efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were 113 fourth graders (54 males, 59 females). Their ages ranged from 10 to 11\u2009years. They were randomly assigned to three groups: the control group using individual programming (C\u2010IdP), experimental group 1 employing SR\u2010CoP, and experimental group 2 employing conventional cooperative programming (C\u2010CoP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SR\u2010CoP approach significantly enhanced students' metacognitive awareness and self\u2010efficacy compared to the other groups. Regarding programming knowledge, no statistically significant difference were found among the three groups, suggesting that SR\u2010CoP supports non\u2010cognitive outcomes without compromising domain knowledge acquisition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By employing self\u2010regulation strategies, students engage in planning, self\u2010monitoring, and self\u2010reflection during project completion and cooperative programming activities. This practice is advantageous for enhancing elementary students' metacognitive awareness and self\u2010efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T09:29:42Z","timestamp":1765272582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of a Self\u2010Regulated Cooperative Programming Approach on Elementary Students' Programming Knowledge, Metacognitive Awareness, and Self\u2010Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0732-0288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengye","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Information Technology East China Normal University  Shanghai China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-4054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihao","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Sha Tin Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2248-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction The Education University of Hong Kong  Ting Po Hong Kong"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02607476.2020.1733402"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00131911.2021.1948390"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2015.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033\u2010295x.84.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"Self\u2010Efficacy: The Exercise of Control","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.04.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.08.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2015.04.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Flipped Classroom With Problem Based Activities: Exploring Self\u2010Regulated Learning in a Programming Language Course","volume":"20","author":"\u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu \u00dc.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educational Technology and Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12790"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120949788"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","volume-title":"Collaborative Learning: Cognitive and Computational Approaches","author":"Dillenbourg P.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09720073.2015.11891759"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639\u2010019\u201010010\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15390\/EB.2018.7678"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015808"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820903520040"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Metacognitive Aspects of Problem Solving","volume":"48","author":"Flavell J. H.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature of Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3105910"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189x12463051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412\u2010018\u20109279\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016146811111300204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2024.2338086"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639\u2010019\u201009905\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2012.748006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412\u2010016\u20109238\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692\u2010021\u201000190\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010021\u201010021\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003172171309500111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643\u2010012\u20100554\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331221143832"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299\u2010019\u201000479\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/ijmlo.2014.067029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010018\u20109585\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101369"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13358"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2012.713180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12828"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010019\u201009708\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00422"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016\u20109040\/a000226"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/ijmlo.2016.077867"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","volume-title":"A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ)","author":"Pintrich P. R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3077618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.09.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1612448"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85098-1_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654307309920"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2020.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106349"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/EC.50.1.d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688211006881"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas W. P. andT.Barnes.2015.\u201cComparing Textual and Block Interfaces in a Novice Programming Environment.\u201dInProceedings of the Eleventh Annual International Conference on International Computing Education Research Omaha Nebraska USA.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2787622.2787712.","DOI":"10.1145\/2787622.2787712"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.3128"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0388"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633117746747"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2996201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2013.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1534245"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12348"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010021\u201010053\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1118178.1118215"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50031-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2013.794676"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcal.70167","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcal.70167","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcal.70167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:26:01Z","timestamp":1771341961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcal.70167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcal.70167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcal.70167","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4909","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70167"}}