{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T16:08:58Z","timestamp":1771344538941,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) into higher education is growing rapidly, yet its impact on learning processes remains underexplored. Existing research and theories, such as social cognitive theory (SCT), largely focus on human\u2010to\u2010human learning interactions, leaving a gap in understanding how cognitive and motivational mechanisms operate in human\u2013AI contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates how GenAI features influence students' critical thinking and self\u2010efficacy, with a specific focus on the mediating role of cognitive engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drawing on SCT, we conceptualised GenAI features\u2014playfulness, perceived learning value and output quality\u2014as environmental stimuli influencing student outcomes via cognitive engagement. Survey data were collected from 223 undergraduate and postgraduate students. Structural equation modelling was used to test both direct effects and the mediating role of cognitive engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that GenAI playfulness and perceived learning value significantly enhance students' cognitive engagement, which then positively affects their critical thinking and self\u2010efficacy. Cognitive engagement functioned as a key mediator in these relationships. However, output quality did not exhibit a significant effect, suggesting that engagement, rather than content quality alone, is crucial for fostering meaningful cognitive development. This study extends SCT by adapting it to human\u2013AI learning contexts and provides actionable insights for designing GenAI tools that enhance learner engagement and development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T02:15:16Z","timestamp":1767320116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Critical Thinking and Self\u2010Efficacy With\n                    <scp>GenAI<\/scp>\n                    : A Social Cognitive Perspective Using Structural Equation Modelling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Da","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Management Beijing University of Chemical Technology  Beijing China"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marketing and Strategy, College of Business University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}]},{"given":"Hosam","family":"Al\u2010Samarraie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Cultures, University of Leeds School of Design, University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7513-1271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13111151"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61969\/jai.1337500"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","volume-title":"Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-12.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.86.5.452"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02783190801955335"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2023.2217801"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18178\/ijiet.2019.9.10.1286"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2020.100005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tl.20628"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249688"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461528309529266"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13587"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17516234.2024.2379070"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15042940"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010022\u201010115\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11060105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2023.2243667"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","volume-title":"Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction (The Delphi Report)","author":"Facione P. A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage7110287"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2025.14048"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2021.100978"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1996.0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00224871251325058"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104684"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci15040505"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12030074"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2025.2465999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13081457"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16060218"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010022\u201010109\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1789679"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17516234.2024.2386085"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1285392"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020815"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127339"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Students' Social\u2010Cognitive Engagement in Online Discussions","volume":"26","author":"Liu Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","volume-title":"Education in a Technological World: Communicating Current and Emerging Research and Technological Efforts","author":"Mason J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2403_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13100856"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294365"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540\u20105885.2009.00667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639\u2010021\u201010736\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58680\/rte20076485"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61838\/hn.1.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","volume-title":"A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ)","author":"Pintrich P. R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08832323.2011.561285"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00986283241287203"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2019.100305"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3711015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2501_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2019.101832"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108535.2010.01157.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","unstructured":"UNESCO.2023.\u201cGuidance for Generative AI in Education and Research.\u201dUNESCO.https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/guidance\u2010generative\u2010ai\u2010education\u2010and\u2010research."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654308321456"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540\u20105915.2008.00192.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249576"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15512169.2011.564919"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010024\u201001874\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","first-page":"1210664","volume-title":"Frontiers in Education","author":"Yim E. P. Y.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03634523.2013.788726"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2013.804406"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcal.70176","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcal.70176","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcal.70176","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:26:47Z","timestamp":1771342007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcal.70176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcal.70176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcal.70176","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4909","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70176"}}