{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T20:29:03Z","timestamp":1778531343565,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite growing attention to English education in Bangladesh, conventional classroom instruction often fails to meet learners' diverse needs or ensure effective language development. Informal digital learning of English (IDLE) has emerged as a promising avenue for fostering learners' affective experience and enhancing proficiency beyond formal classroom settings. Nevertheless, empirical evidence on how Bangladeshi learners participate in and experience self\u2010directed language learning remains scarce, underscoring the need for further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drawing on the broaden\u2010and\u2010build theory, this study examines how foreign language enjoyment (FLE) and foreign language anxiety (FLA) shape learners' IDLE and (AI\u2010mediated) IDLE (AI\u2010IDLE) behaviours and learning confidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An explanatory sequential mixed\u2010methods design was adopted, integrating quantitative data from 1045 university students with qualitative insights from 26 semi\u2010structured interviews. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to test the hypothesized relationships among variables, followed by thematic analysis to enrich the interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantitative findings revealed that FLE positively predicted IDLE behaviour and learning confidence, whereas FLA, traditionally viewed as debilitating, also exerted a facilitating effect by directly promoting participation in IDLE and AI\u2010IDLE activities and indirectly enhancing learning confidence. IDLE significantly predicted both AI\u2010IDLE and learning confidence, while FLE did not directly predict AI\u2010IDLE. Qualitative findings corroborated these results and further highlighted additional factors (e.g., instrumental motivation and cognitive ability) that contribute to the complexity of the emotion\u2010(AI) IDLE\u2010confidence link. This study provides pedagogical implications for optimising learners' technology\u2010mediated informal learning in the Bangladeshi context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T01:59:09Z","timestamp":1767578349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Facilitating Role of Enjoyment and Anxiety in Shaping (\n                    <scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Mediated) Informal Language Learning and Confidence: An Explanatory Sequential Mixed\u2010Methods Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0396-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University  Nanjing People's Republic of China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0009-6166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Kamal","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at El Paso  El Paso Texas USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peijian Paul","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University  Zhejiang People's Republic of China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Teaching and Researching Autonomy in Language Learning","author":"Benson P.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/modl.12807"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14746\/ssllt.2018.8.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2020.1769238"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X8600500403"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2025.102114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijal.12561"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108416"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14746\/ssllt.2014.4.2.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.30945667.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0267190523000016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02128"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","volume-title":"The Handbook of Informal Language Learning","author":"Dressman M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/iral\u20102023\u20100087"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1512"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"Hair J. F.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.3241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18823\/asiatefl.2023.20.1.3.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21832\/9781783097722-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"IELTS.2025.\u201cTest Statistics: Demographic Data.\u201dhttps:\/\/ielts.org\/researchers\/our\u2010research\/test\u2010statistics#demographic\u2010data."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003177647"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S027226312400072X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446268261.n31"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64152\/10125\/44675"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.5177"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2021.1918699"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263122000031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263124000366"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijal.12618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","volume-title":"Social Class, Educational Inequalities, and Informal Digital Learning of English Among Chinese Youth: A Large\u2010Scale Mixed\u2010Methods Investigation [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]","author":"Liu G. L.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2023.103193"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344025100359"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijal.70010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108362"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344023000204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103504"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2025.103797"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2024.2314657"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359\u2010025\u201003017\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2010.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688251368647"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0261444817000192"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2445102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20101770.1978.tb00309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00336882251355879"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103490"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","unstructured":"TBS News.2021.\u201cBangladesh Improves English Proficiency.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.tbsnews.net\/bangladesh\/education\/bangladesh\u2010improves\u2010english\u2010proficiency\u2010160462?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/applirev\u20102022\u20100077"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2024.102085"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/270754"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40862\u2010025\u201000352\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299\u2010023\u201000777\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2023.2194872"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijal.12680"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/applirev\u20102023\u20100046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14790718.2023.2202403"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2025.2539922"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcal.70181","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcal.70181","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcal.70181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:25:15Z","timestamp":1771341915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcal.70181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcal.70181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcal.70181","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4909","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70181"}}