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Electroencephalogram (EEG) feedback has proven effective in terms of monitoring and regulating students' attentional states. However, EEG feedback faces implementation challenges in VR environments. Auditory feedback may interfere with voice\u2010based learning content, while visual feedback can exacerbate the cognitive load in visually rich environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim was to explore methods that would help students maintain attention in the VR learning environment (including voice learning or voice guidance from virtual characters), thereby enhancing learning effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study proposed and integrated a vibration\u2010based EEG feedback mechanism into a VR learning system. Grounded in the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, this approach leverages tactile prompts to avoid sensory conflict. A quasi\u2010experiment involving 64 university students was subsequently conducted in an English for Geography course. Of the participants, 32 were exposed to a VR environment incorporating the vibration\u2010based EEG feedback, while the other 32 used the same VR environment without the feedback. The data collection included students' attention levels, performance, and learning behaviours. Systematic records and interviews were used to retrace the students' states when the vibration feedback was triggered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results showed that students in the VR learning system with vibration\u2010based EEG feedback exhibited higher attention levels, improved vocabulary memory and retention, and more structured behaviour patterns such as review and evaluation, planned learning and refocusing after EEG feedback. This study innovates EEG feedback in VR environments, providing a design reference to promote VR\u2010based learning. In addition, the results of identified scenarios and subjective reasons for inattention will help in the design of future language VR environments and learning activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:48:39Z","timestamp":1771040919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tactile\u2010Driven Prompting for\n                    <scp>VR<\/scp>\n                    Learning: Effects of Vibration\u2010Based\n                    <scp>EEG<\/scp>\n                    Feedback on Students' Attention, Performance and Behaviour Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0050-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zi\u2010Han","family":"Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application Zhejiang Normal University  Jinhua Zhejiang China"}]},{"given":"Jue\u2010Qi","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application Zhejiang Normal University  Jinhua Zhejiang China"}]},{"given":"Jia\u2010Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application Zhejiang Normal University  Jinhua Zhejiang China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-390X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application Zhejiang Normal University  Jinhua Zhejiang China"}]},{"given":"Gwo\u2010Jen","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Educational Information and Measurement National Taichung University of Education  Taichung City Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education National Taiwan University of Science and Technology  Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Management Yuan Ze University  Taoyuan City 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