{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T02:01:29Z","timestamp":1776391289064,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113\u20102410\u2010H\u2010152\u2010046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113\u20102410\u2010H\u2010152\u2010046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114\u20102628\u2010H\u2010152\u2010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114\u20102628\u2010H\u2010152\u2010003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While prior research has shown that timely and personalised feedback improves students' learning outcomes and self\u2010regulation, most existing systems fail to provide actionable, individualised explanations at scale, especially in programming education. Manual feedback is resource\u2010intensive, and traditional Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems often lack transparency, limiting their pedagogical value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study addresses these gaps by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) and Explainable AI (XAI)\u2014specifically, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method\u2014to generate interpretable, scalable feedback that enhances self\u2010regulated learning (SRL) in the context of programming education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, behavioural data were collected from BookRoll, an e\u2010reading system that tracks interactions like highlighting and note\u2010taking, and VisCode, a coding platform that records compile attempts, error types and code execution behaviour. Combined with self\u2010reported strategy data, these formed the LBLS dataset used to train a predictive model. SHAP was used to identify key learning features, which were then input into the GPT\u20104 model to generate personalised mid\u2010semester reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results showed that students receiving LLM\u2010generated suggestions improved in SRL behaviours and final performance. Most found the feedback understandable and useful, though some questioned its accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates the potential of combining LLMs and XAI to deliver meaningful, scalable feedback, but also highlights the need for human oversight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:33:29Z","timestamp":1771310009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leveraging Large Language Models to Enhance Self\u2010Regulated Learning in Programming Education With Explainable\n                    <scp>AI<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8469-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher C. Y.","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science National Taipei University of Education  Taipei City Taiwan, ROC"}]},{"given":"MinJia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Central University  Taoyuan City Taiwan, ROC"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2075-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Y. Q.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Central University  Taoyuan City Taiwan, ROC"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education","author":"Azaiz I.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-024-09778-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2020.1786399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58631\/injurity.v2i3.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-020-00636-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1312"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3463948"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-Taiwan62264.2024.10674465"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2023.108944"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"862","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Educational Data Mining","author":"Jia Q.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2012.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107848"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641554.3701791"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK24)","author":"Li M. J.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.13107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2021.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EITT.2016.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"4765","article-title":"A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions","volume":"30","author":"Lundberg S. M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"958","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical\u00a0Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Nguyen H.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"401","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer in Education (ICCE 2015)","author":"Ogata H.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"34","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Determining Dominant Factor for Students Performance Prediction by Using Data\u00a0Mining Classification Algorithms","volume":"16","author":"Osmanbegovi\u0107 E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tranzicija"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know","author":"Oxford R. L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ)","author":"Pintrich P. R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"1070","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Prasad P.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35891-3_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15020671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00354-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14010194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24818\/EA\/2024\/65\/241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"Tan C. W.2023.\u201cLarge Language Model\u2010Driven Classroom Flipping: Empowering Student\u2010Centric Peer Questioning With Flipped Interaction.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv:2311.14708."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","unstructured":"Tan C. W. S.Guo M. F.Wong andC. N.Hang.2023.\u201cCopilot for Xcode: Exploring AI\u2010Assisted Programming by Prompting Cloud\u2010Based Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv:2307.14349."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331241310915"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK24)","author":"Wong J.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2024.3524104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11291-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47772\/IJRISS.2025.903SEDU0006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcal.70206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcal.70206","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcal.70206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T01:34:45Z","timestamp":1776389685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcal.70206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcal.70206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcal.70206","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4909","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70206"}}