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Although artificial intelligence (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) tools like contextual recognition and real\u2010time feedback offer personalised and adaptive support for these tasks, few studies have explored their role in fostering cross\u2010cultural understanding within authentic learning environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study focused on how\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      supported effective learning about traditional foods and clothing from four ethnic groups: Indonesian, Thai, Vietnamese, and Chinese to promote cross\u2010cultural knowledge and engagement in real\u2010world contexts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A five\u2010week quasi\u2010experimental study was conducted with 25 graduate students (8 females, 17 males, aged 23\u201335) from four ethnic backgrounds: Indonesian, Thai, Vietnamese, and Chinese. All participants had advanced English proficiency and no prior cross\u2010cultural learning experience. The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      X\u2010Cultural App integrated six\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010supported features: authentic context recognition, sample sentence generation, scaffolding, inspirational question generation, feedback, and Q&amp;A to support cross\u2010cultural writing tasks. Data were collected from pre\/post essays, system interaction logs, and interviews to assess cross\u2010cultural understanding, learning behaviours, and user perceptions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study yielded three key findings. First, students showed significant improvements in cross\u2010cultural understanding after engaging with the X\u2010Cultural AI app. Second, students' use of AI\u2010generated questions and Image\u2010to\u2010Text Recognition (ITR) features strongly correlated with enhanced writing performance. Finally, interview responses revealed that participants perceived the app as highly supportive in fostering their cross\u2010cultural learning. These qualitative and quantitative results together indicate the strong potential of AI\u2010supported tools to help learners connect prior knowledge with new cultural information in real\u2010world, authentic learning contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:31:59Z","timestamp":1771482719000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Study of\n                    <scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Supported Cross\u2010Cultural Learning and Its Influence on Cross\u2010Cultural Understanding, Learning Behaviour and Writing Performance of Learners in Authentic Contexts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5684-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu\u2010Yuin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Network Learning Technology National Central University  Taoyuan Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1159-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi\u2010Rin\u2010Gan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Network Learning Technology National Central University  Taoyuan Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5571-1158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rustam","family":"Shadiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14080814"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1469787418769120"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103695"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1799-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14207\/ejsd.2024.v13n2p261"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70039"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2018.1554484"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23917\/mier.v1i2.3414"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-022-01109-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions","author":"Arora A. 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