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Guided by the Emotional Integration Model in game\u2010based learning (EmoGBL), this study examines how background music with different emotional valences shapes learners' learning\u2010related experiences and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study enlisted 162 university students and randomly assigned them to one of three game\u2010based learning environment conditions: positive background music, neutral background music, and no background music.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results demonstrated that positive background music significantly enhanced learners' positive mood. Furthermore, both positive and neutral background music significantly increased learners' engagement, flow, and learning retention scores. A mediating analysis between the background\u2010music and non\u2010background\u2010music groups confirmed the mediating effect and chain\u2010mediating effect of flow, with engagement and flow experience playing a chain\u2010mediating role between background music and knowledge retention. Additionally, behavioural logs showed that learners exposed to positive background music exhibited a greater frequency of learning\u2010related behaviours. Moreover, the analysis of the expression recognition data lent further support to this perspective. This study underscores the potential of positive music as a facilitative element in DGBL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:39:44Z","timestamp":1773272384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Auditory Emotional Design in Digital Game\u2010Based Learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education  Wuhan Hubei China"},{"name":"School of Psychology Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province  Wuhan Hubei China"}]},{"given":"Caiyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education  Wuhan Hubei China"},{"name":"School of Psychology Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province  Wuhan Hubei China"}]},{"given":"Zhikeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education  Wuhan Hubei China"},{"name":"School of Psychology Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province  Wuhan Hubei China"}]},{"given":"Jieni","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education  Wuhan Hubei China"},{"name":"School of Psychology Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province  Wuhan Hubei China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics Central China Normal University  Wuhan Hubei China"}]},{"given":"Xitao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8783-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education  Wuhan Hubei China"},{"name":"School of Psychology Central China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province  Wuhan Hubei China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3250951"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249688"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.01.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"778","article-title":"The Impact of Game\u2010Based Teaching Practices in Different Curricula on Academic Achievement","volume":"8","author":"Arcag\u00f6k S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Online Journal of Education and Teaching"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2012.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079\u20107421(08)60422\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251\u2010025\u201009728\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010006\u20109032\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.12.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-44751-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0013504400003932"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/102986490901300207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0804_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2017.1300776"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423\u2010013\u20109324\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.682628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","volume-title":"Audio\u2010Vision: Sound on Screen","author":"Chion M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654315582065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Graphics for Learning: Proven Guidelines for Planning, Designing, and Evaluating Visuals in Training Materials","author":"Clark R. 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