{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T02:01:21Z","timestamp":1776391281423,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002666","name":"Aalto-Yliopisto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["97530319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["97530319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["332311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["332311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Web\u2010based 360\u00b0 virtual laboratory environments, also known as virtual laboratories, have become increasingly popular in laboratory education due to improved learning experiences, flexibility, accessibility and scalability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated how a web\u2010based 360\u00b0 virtual laboratory impacts students' cognitive load, visual attention and emotional responses when studying a laboratory experiment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were 80 Finnish\u2010speaking students who studied identical laboratory experiment slideshow content either with the web\u2010based 360\u00b0 virtual laboratory or, in the control condition, with the same content presented against a black background instead of 360\u00b0 images. Exam score, perceived learning performance, emotional responses and eye\u2010tracking metrics such as fixation, saccades and gaze entropy were used in the analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although no significant differences emerged in exam scores or self\u2010reported learning outcomes, students using the virtual laboratory showed longer fixations and more dynamic saccades, indicating increased sustained and exploratory visual attention. Emotional measures suggested a calmer emotional state in the virtual laboratory group, pointing to a more comfortable user experience. Importantly, the virtual environment did not increase cognitive load. The results indicate that virtual laboratories may enhance attentional engagement and promote a more positive user experience without significantly imposing additional cognitive load. For educators and instructional designers, the results highlight how accessible web\u2010based tools can improve pre\u2010laboratory preparation and support student focus, offering scalable and practical alternatives to more resource\u2010intensive immersive technologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:06:01Z","timestamp":1774224361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Web\u2010Based 360\u00b0 Virtual Laboratory on Cognitive Load, Emotional Patterns and Visual Attention"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5979-952X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Girmay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering  Espoo Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6532-9446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Mendoza\u2010Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering Aalto University School of Science  Espoo Finland"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering Aalto University School of Science  Espoo Finland"}]},{"given":"Iiro P.","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering Aalto University School of Science  Espoo Finland"}]},{"given":"Tomi","family":"Kauppinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto Online Learning Aalto University School of Science  Espoo Finland"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Nygren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering  Espoo Finland"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Sclearuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering Aalto University School of Science  Espoo Finland"}]},{"given":"Tilda","family":"Sj\u00f6holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering  Espoo Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4187-5447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antti J.","family":"Karttunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering  Espoo Finland"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.70067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.21933"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12595"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baceviciute S. 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