{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T02:01:37Z","timestamp":1776391297136,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 114\u20102410\u2010H\u2010110\u2010102\u2010MY2, NSTC 113\u20102628\u2010H\u2010008\u2010001\u2010MY3, NSTC 112\u20102410\u2010H\u2010003\u2010106\u2010MY3, MOST 111\u20102410\u2010H\u2010003\u2010028 \u2010MY3 & 109\u20102511\u2010H\u2010003\u2010053\u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114\u20102410\u2010H\u2010110\u2010102\u2010MY2, NSTC 113\u20102628\u2010H\u2010008\u2010001\u2010MY3, NSTC 112\u20102410\u2010H\u2010003\u2010106\u2010MY3, MOST 111\u20102410\u2010H\u2010003\u2010028 \u2010MY3 & 109\u20102511\u2010H\u2010003\u2010053\u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006397","name":"National Taiwan Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010002","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the past 2\u2009years, the Generative Pre\u2010trained Transformer (GPT), a large language model (LLM) developed by OpenAI, has gained significant momentum across various educational fields. However, its application in physical education (PE) for teaching theoretical knowledge, such as badminton rules, has remained largely underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a GPT\u2010integrated LINE Bot in facilitating students' learning of badminton rules, compared to traditional teacher\u2010led question\u2010and\u2010answer (Q&amp;A) methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using a quasi\u2010experimental design, this study divided the participants into an experimental group that used the GPT\u2010integrated LINE Bot and a control group that received traditional Q&amp;A support. The data collected were analysed quantitatively using a two\u2010tailed independent samples\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test, and the results were further supported qualitatively through semi\u2010structured interviews.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed no significant difference in learning outcomes between the two groups, indicating that the GPT\u2010integrated LINE Bot is equally effective as traditional methods. Positive feedback from participants highlighted the bot's clarity and helpfulness, suggesting its potential as an AI\u2010supported Q&amp;A tool that can enhance access to clarification in physical education badminton rule instruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:02Z","timestamp":1773705602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Badminton Rule Learning Through a\n                    <scp>GPT<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Integrated\n                    <scp>LINE<\/scp>\n                    Bot"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Kuo\u2010Chin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical and Health Education National Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8700-5215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui\u2010Chun","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Network Learning Technology National Central University  Taoyuan Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Nian\u2010Shing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences and Program of Learning Sciences National Taiwan Normal University  Taipei Taiwan"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12948"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37965\/jait.2023.0184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30191\/ETS.202404_27(2).TP06"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2024.2362798"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30191\/ETS.202404_27(2).TP04"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info16060469"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.13007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12926"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100198"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","volume-title":"The Times Sues OpenAI and Microsoft Over A.I. 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