{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:38:33Z","timestamp":1792737513900,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Assisted Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adaptive learning systems infer mastery from observed correctness, but this approach may fall short when learners exhibit \u2018deceptive overgeneralization\u2019\u2014performing correct actions based on incomplete understanding. This phenomenon can mislead systems into prematurely stopping practice, leaving knowledge gaps unaddressed. Clarifying when deceptive overgeneralization occurs and how to address it can improve the precision of adaptive learning technologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research empirically examines whether deceptive overgeneralization occurs in adaptive learning, assesses its consequences for mastery\u2010based stopping rules, and evaluates a systematic procedure for detecting and remedying it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted 11 experiments using Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) for Riichi Mahjong across multiple semesters with university students (total\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009192). The studies employed a pretest\u2013posttest design to assess ITS effectiveness, and within\u2010subjects designs with adaptive and full\u2010exposure conditions to examine overgeneralization and remediation. Tailored remediation consisted of targeted \u2018do\u2010not\u2010act\u2019 problems with feedback that names the missing application constraints.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ITSs improved learning outcomes, but learners frequently misapplied acquired actions in contexts where they should have refrained, indicating deceptive overgeneralization. Under adaptive learning, mastery stopping rules often ended practice before learners encountered such \u2018do\u2010not\u2010act\u2019 contexts, leaving the issue undetected. Tailored remediation using targeted \u2018do\u2010not\u2010act\u2019 problems with constraint\u2010naming feedback reduced misapplication to near\u2010floor levels across skills and cohorts, highlighting a limitation of correctness\u2010based mastery inference and a practical method to strengthen mastery assessment for knowledge compilation. A secondary analysis of K\u201312 decimal learning data further illustrates how the framework applies in a traditional educational domain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcal.70311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:35:13Z","timestamp":1787661313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deceptive Overgeneralization: When Adaptive Learning Enables Systematic Misapplication"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5165-640X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marshall","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1196-5284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce M.","family":"McLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2291-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Stamper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau.2002.\u201cFinal Report of the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau on the Accident to the Saab 340B Aircraft Registration HB\u2010AKK of Crossair Flight CRX 498 on 10 January 2000 Near Nassenwil\/ZH.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11774303_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0088-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"522","article-title":"Instruction Based on Adaptive Learning Technologies","volume":"2","author":"Aleven V.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handbook of Research on Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","volume-title":"How Learning Works: Seven Research\u2010Based Principles for Smart Teaching","author":"Ambrose S. 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