{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T07:31:23Z","timestamp":1776756683380,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6031,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Elec. Microsc. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To overcome the radiation damage\u2010induced limitations to the resolution of three\u2010dimensional reconstructions from electron microscopic tilt series, novel reconstruction schemes have been developed that require only a single exposure of the specimen. The tilt series collected with these methods have random projection directions. First, three\u2010dimensional reconstruction techniques are described that are applicable to data obtained from tilt series with regular tilt geometry, followed by the extensions of these techniques to permit analysis of projection series with randomly spaced tilts. The main emphasis is placed on the weighted back\u2010projection methods, which have recently been extended so as to be applicable to random tilt series. Besides a description of the algorithms, the complete procedure for a threedimensional reconstruction from a single\u2010exposure, random conical tilt series is explained, including the determination of the azimuthal angles, the alignment scheme for conical tilt series, the dependence of the achievable resolution on the number of projections for regular conical and single\u2010axis geometries, and the method to calculate the actual resolution of two\u2010dimensional image averages and of three\u2010dimensional reconstructions using the phase residual and Fourier ring correlation criteria. Examples are given of biological specimens to which these three\u2010dimensional reconstruction methods have been applied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1060090405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T09:19:06Z","timestamp":1109236746000},"page":"359-394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":446,"title":["Three\u2010Dimensional reconstruction of single particles from random and nonrandom tilt series"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Radermacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Practical Methods in Electron Microscopy","author":"Agar A. W.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340030305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Principles of Optics","author":"Born M.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carazo J. M. Wagenknecht T. Radermacher M. Mandiyan V. Boublik M. Frank J. (1988) Threedimensional structure of 50S E. coli ribosomal subunits depleted of proteins L7\/L12.J. Mol. Biol. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90146-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3128283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1729798"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1713127"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1970.0119"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"The Radon Transform and Some of its Applications","author":"Deans S. R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/217130a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1981.tb01239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1971.0053"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"New methods for averaging nonperiodic objects and distorted crystals in biologic electron microscopy","volume":"63","author":"Frank J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67688-8_30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-71135-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(82)90282-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/bbpc.19700741105","article-title":"Einige Erfahrungen mit der rechnerischen Analyse und Synthese von elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern hoher Aufl\u00f6sung","volume":"74","author":"Frank J.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3991(78)80038-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7313694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(72)90180-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Physical Aspects of Electron Microscopy and Microbeam Analysis","author":"Glaeser R. M.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-554X(72)90039-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(70)90109-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-C.1971.223313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3991(82)90239-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"Exact filters for general three\u2010dimensional reconstruction","volume":"73","author":"Harauz G.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Optic"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-09417-2","volume-title":"Image Reconstruction from Projections. Topics in Applied Physics 32","author":"Herman G. T.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy","author":"Herrmann K.\u2010H.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"617","article-title":"Das Endlichkeitspostulat und das Interpolationstheorem der dreidimensionalen elektronenmikroskopischen Analyse aperiodischer Strukturen","volume":"29","author":"Hoppe W.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567739470001080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00606513"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00600449"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Image Processing and Computer\u2010Aided Design in Electron Optics","author":"Hoppe W.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of individual negatively stained yeast fatty acid synthetase molecules from tilt series in the electron microscope. Hoppe\u2010Seylers","volume":"355","author":"Hoppe W.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Z. Physiol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"645","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional electron microscopy of individual biological objects","volume":"31","author":"Hoppe W.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Part I. Methods. Z. Naturforsch."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3754654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(80)90088-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jss.400140402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"A minimal dose technique in 3D\u2010electron microscopy","volume":"2","author":"Knauer V.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. 9th. Intl. Congr. Electron Microsc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(83)90066-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1002\/bbpc.19700741107","article-title":"Anwendung des Bilddifferenzverfahrens auf die Untersuchung von Struktur\u00e4nderungen d\u00fcnner Kohlefolien bei Elektronenbestrahlung","volume":"74","author":"Langer R.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6638(08)70072-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1983.tb04163.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.23.9040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(83)90067-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Modeling Balbiani ring gene transcription with electron microscope tomography","volume":"35","author":"Olins A. L.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7324-7_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Radermacher M.(1980)Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion bei kegelf\u00f6rmiger Kippung im Elektronenmikroskop. PhD Thesis Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"3\u2010D reconstruction from conically tilted projections","volume":"1","author":"Radermacher M.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. 9th. Intl. Congr. Electron Microsc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Properties of 3\u2010D reconstructions from projections by conical tilting compared to single axis tilting","author":"Radermacher M.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1984.tb02547.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3991(85)90004-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3991(86)90009-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1986.tb02693.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radermacher M. Wagenknecht T. Verschoor A. Frank J.(1986b)3\u2010D reconstruction of the 50S ribosomal subunit of Eschericia coli. Proc. 44th Annu. Meeting EMSA. G.W. Bailey ed. pp.40\u201341.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0424820100141949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radermacher M. Frank J. Mannella C. A.(1986c)Correlation averaging: Lattice separation and resolution assessmentProc. 44th Annu. Meeting EMSA. G.W. Bailey ed. pp.140\u2013143.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0424820100142335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1987.tb01333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04865.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"Ueber die Bestimmung von Funktionen durch ihre Integralwerte laengs gewisser Mannigfaltigkeiten","volume":"69","author":"Radon J.","year":"1917","journal-title":"Berichte ueber die Verhandlungen der Koeniglich Saechsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Math. Phys. Klasse"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3991(81)80182-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","first-page":"314","volume-title":"Electron Microsc","author":"Saxton W. O.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3991(76)91385-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1982.tb00405.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1949.232969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","first-page":"165","volume-title":"New Methodologies in Studies of Protein Configuration","author":"Sher L. D.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Image reconstruction from a finite number of projections","volume":"6","author":"Smith P. R.","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1980.361.2.1363"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.1983.10507476"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.186.4168.1036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/zna-1966-0417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-780584-9.50021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"A study on photographic registration of low\u2010dose micrographs","volume":"1","author":"Tietz H.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. 10th Intl. Congr. Electron Microsc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3991(82)90235-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(74)90075-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","first-page":"781","article-title":"Finding the structure of objects from projections","volume":"15","author":"Vainshtein B. K.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Crystallogr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Theory of the recovery of functions from their projections","volume":"17","author":"Vainshtein B. K.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Chrystallogr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Heel M. (1983)Three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of the 30S E. coli ribosomal subunit. In: Proc. 41st Annu. Meeting EMSA. G.W. Bailey ed. San Francisco Press San Francisco pp.460\u2013461.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0424820100076032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3991(87)90010-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3991(81)80197-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Life Chemistry Reports, Suppl. 1, The Structure and Function of Invertebrate Respiratory Proteins","author":"van Heel M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verschoor A. Frank J. Radermacher M. Wagenknecht T. Boublik M.(1983)Three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of the 30S ribosomal subunit from randomly oriented particles. In: Proc. 41st Annu. Meeting EMSA. G.W. Bailey ed. pp.758\u2013759.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0424820100077360"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(84)90245-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-1605(85)90045-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(86)90336-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/320533a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tilting experiments with negatively stained Ecoli ribosomal subunits. An electron microscopical study","volume":"7","author":"Wabl M. R.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cytobiologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of the ribosome from Escherichia coli. Book of Abstracts, Fifth conversation in biomolecular stereodynamics","author":"Wagenknecht T.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(70)90181-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang N.\u2010Y. Wagenknecht T. Radermacher M. Obrig T. Frank J.(1987)Three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of the 40S ribosomal subunit from rabbit reticulocytes. Proc. 44th Annu. Meeting EMSA. G.W. Bailey ed. pp.936\u2013937.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0424820100128961"}],"container-title":["Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjemt.1060090405","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jemt.1060090405","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T18:25:47Z","timestamp":1706034347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jemt.1060090405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jemt.1060090405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.1060090405","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0741-0581","1553-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0741-0581","type":"print"},{"value":"1553-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]}}}