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The theory and practice of freeze substitution is summarized with particular interest in the physical and thermodynamic as well as in the chemical basis of this technique. A survey of practical aspects of the technical process of freeze substitution concerning the equipment and various protocols successfully applied in biological systems is also given. The main advantage of freeze substitution versus conventional chemical fixation is seen in the maintenance of the hydration shell of molecules and macromolecular structures. This results in an improved fine structural preservation, superior retention of the antigenicity of proteins and decreased loss of unbound, diffusible cellular components. Examples of excellent visualization of the ultrastructure of macro\u2010molecular complexes (nucleic acids, extracellular material, membranes etc.), small organisms (bacteria, algae, cyanobacteria and fungi) and large biological samples such as plant and animal tissue as well as the plant\u2010pathogen (fungus) interface and infection structures are presented. Recent data on the molecular characterization of freeze\u2010substituted biological tissue are exemplified with special emphasis on the subcellular detection of soluble components (elements, lipids, proteins and drugs) and the inter\u2010\/intracellular localization of proteins including foreign proteins in transgenic plants. The molecular analysis of freeze\u2010substituted specimens is achieved by the combination of low temperature preparation techniques in biological electron microscopy with various detection methods such as X\u2010ray microanalysis, immunocytochemistry and high resolution autoradiography. \u00a9 1993 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070240506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,23]],"date-time":"2005-02-23T17:33:49Z","timestamp":1109180029000},"page":"400-422","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Impact of freeze substitution on biological electron microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sigrun","family":"Hippe\u2010Sanwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0580-9517(08)70051-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.172.2.1106-1113.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Ultrastructure of growing epiphysial cartilage processed by rapid freezing and freeze\u2010substitution","volume":"32","author":"Akisaka T.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. 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