{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T02:27:00Z","timestamp":1770431220855,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]],"date-time":"2004-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3391,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) are more dependent on visual feedback during movement than are normals. Studying two\u2010dimensional pointing movements, we recently found that PD patients undershoot targets when vision of their own moving hand is occluded but not when complete vision is provided or when the target is extinguished immediately before movement onset. In the absence of vision, information about position of the moving hand may originate from peripheral kinesthetic feedback and from corollary discharges derved from the efferent motor signal. To find out which of both mechanisms\u2013kinesthetic feedback or corollary discharge\u2013is defective in PD, we compared active movements with imposed movements in which the hand is passively moved by the experimenter, whereas vision of the hand was occluded under either condition. In agreement with our earlier findings, slow, active pointing movements of PD patients were hypometric. In addition, PD patients terminated passively imposed movements of comparable speed earlier than did normals, with the consequence that imposed movements were equally hypometric. Our results make it unlikely that disturbed corollary discharge is responsible for hypometria under nonvisual conditions. Instead, the data suggest that PD patients have a defect of kinesthesia in slowly executed movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]],"date-time":"2004-12-31T09:42:22Z","timestamp":1104486142000},"page":"460-465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["A defect of kinesthesia in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Klockgether","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maike","family":"Borutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Rapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sybille","family":"Spieker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Dichgans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"The basal ganglia and their relation to disorders of movement","author":"Denny\u2010Brown D","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"The basal ganglia and posture","author":"Martin PM","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870040505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/99.2.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5871-8_69"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(92)90038-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0007254X","article-title":"Does the nervous system depend on kinesthetic information to control natural limb movements","volume":"15","author":"Gandevia SC","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.5.544"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.11.1258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/109.5.987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(89)90053-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Neural mechanisms in disorders of movement","author":"Moore AP","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.6.951"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"1017","volume-title":"Handbook of physiology. 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