{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:01:38Z","timestamp":1768590098527,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":389,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc of Assoc for Info"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explores the effect of task difficulty on search behavior changes for users with high and low domain knowledge. A user experiment (n=40) was conducted using 5 search tasks. Participants rated their knowledge of MeSH terms (n=409) and were divided into two domain knowledge levels. Three of the tasks were designed to be difficult tasks with very few relevant documents returned by our search system and two tasks were easy, with many relevant documents returned. Our results showed that in Difficult tasks, users spent significantly longer dwell time on search result pages and visited significantly more content pages than in Easy tasks. In addition, there was an interaction effect of task difficulty and domain knowledge on dwell time of content pages and the percentage of dwell time on content pages to the task completion time. Our results demonstrate that the dwell time on search result pages is a better indicator of task difficulty than the dwell time on content pages if users' domain knowledge level is unknown. Our results have implications for personalization of information retrieval.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/meet.14504901142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T10:49:23Z","timestamp":1359024563000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Task difficulty and domain knowledge effects on information search behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Belkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiangmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aula A. Khan R.&Guan Z.(2010).How does search behavior change as search becomes more difficult?Proceedings of CHI '10 35\u201044.","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bierig R. Cole M. Gwizdka J. Belkin N.(2010).A Data Analysis and Modelling Framework for the Evaluation of Interactive Information Retrieval.Advances in Information Retrieval 32nd European Conference on IR Research ECIR'2010. Vol. 5993. Milton Keynes UK. March 28\u201331 2010. 673\u2013674. Berlin: Springer\u2010Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12275-0_76"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0502_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole M. Gwizdka J Liu C. Belkin N. J.(2011).Dynamic Assessment of Information Acquisition Effort during Interactive Search. InProceedings of the Annual Conference of the American Society for Information Science & Technology (ASIS&T) 2011 (10p.). New Orleans LA October 9\u201013.","DOI":"10.1002\/meet.2011.14504801149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duggan G. B. &Payne S. J.(2008).Knowledge in the head and on the web: Using topic expertise to aid search.Proceedings of CHI '08 39\u201048.","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2008.08.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","article-title":"What a difference a tag cloud makes: Effects of tasks and cognitive abilities on search results interface use","volume":"14","author":"Gwizdka J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Information Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Gwizdka J. Cole M. J.(2011).Least Effort?Not If I Can Search More. In Proceedings ofthe 5th Workshop on Human\u2010Computer Interaction and Information Retrieval. Retrieval on March 2 2012 fromhttp:\/\/comminfo.rutgers.edu\/\u223cjacekg\/pubs\/txt\/2011_GwizdkaJ_ColeM_HCIR_SearcherLeastEffort_press.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gwizdka J. Spence I.(2006).What can searching behavior tell us about the difficulty of information tasks? A study of Web navigation.Proceedings of ASIS&T '06.1\u201022","DOI":"10.1002\/meet.14504301167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly D.&Cool C.(2002).The effects of topic familiarity on information search behavior.Proceedings of JCDL 74\u201375.","DOI":"10.1145\/544220.544232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J.(2006).Task difficulty as a predictor and indicator of web searching interaction.Proceedings of CHI'06 959\u2013964.","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2008.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J. Gwizdka J. Liu C. &Belkin N.J.(2010).Predicting task difficulty for different task types. Proceedings of ASIS&T'10.","DOI":"10.1002\/meet.14504701173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White R.W. Dumais S.T. &Teevan J.(2009).Characterizing the influence of domain expertise on Web search behavior. InProceedings of WSDM '09 ACM New York NY USA 132\u2010141.","DOI":"10.1145\/1498759.1498819"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.10367"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","article-title":"Domain Knowledge, Search Behavior, and Search Effectiveness of Engineering\/Science Students: An Exploratory Study","volume":"10","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Information Research"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmeet.14504901142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmeet.14504901142","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/meet.14504901142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T11:38:35Z","timestamp":1760960315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/meet.14504901142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/meet.14504901142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/meet.14504901142","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0044-7870","1550-8390"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0044-7870","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-8390","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}}}