{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:48:19Z","timestamp":1770752899034,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":389,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc of Assoc for Info"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychologist James J. Gibson coined the word \u201caffordance\u201d in 1979, to describe the relationship between the abilities of a living creature, and features in the environment that afford action for those abilities. An affordance, therefore, is physically real, but is defined as an affordance only in reference to a particular creature. This term has been widely adopted, and is now found in design, education, and cognitive science. Sometimes it is used in Gibson's original meaning, but it has also been applied to broader discussions of social and cognitive activities, resulting in a certain confusion of terminology. A short summary reveals the variety of current uses for the term, and goes further to propose that this range may be simplified by applying Marshall McLuhan's observation that \u201cmedia are the extensions of mankind.\u201d In that analysis, an object like a cup is an extension of cupped hands, because, like hands, it holds water. Defining some objects as body\u2010extensions makes it clear that affordances can be modified in two ways: by changing either features that are available in the environment, or the extended abilities of the user. This distinction simplifies the description of different types of affordances, and may help designers in planning effective experiences for users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/meet.14504901340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T10:49:23Z","timestamp":1359024563000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["J.J. Gibson and Marshall McLuhan: A survey of terminology and a proposed extension of the theory of affordances"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Heidi","family":"Overhill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09523980701847115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Bradner Erin Wendy A.KelloggandThomasErickson(1999).The Adoption and Use of \u2018Babble\u2019: A Field Study of Chat in the Workplace. InProceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Computer\u2010Supported Cooperative Work 12\u201316 September Copenhagen Denmark. S. Bedker M. Kyng and K. Schmidt (eds.)139\u2013158."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Looking for information: A Survey of Research on Information Seeking, Needs and Behaviour","author":"Case D.O.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326969ECO1502_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Natural\u2010Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies and the Future of Human Intelligence","author":"Clarke Andy","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppin Peter JimBurtonandStephenHockema(2010).An Attention Based Theory to Explain Affordances of Textual and Digrammatic Proofs. Paper presented at Diagrams 2010 Portland OR.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14600-8_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaver William W.(1991).Technology Affordances. 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