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Midline cells of the mesoderm\u2014the organizer, notochord, and prechordal plate\u2014and midline cells of the neural ectoderm\u2014the notoplate and floor plate\u2014appear to have a fundamental role in the induction and patterning of the neural plate. Vertical signals acting across tissue layers and planar signals acting through the neural epithelium have distinct roles and cooperate in induction and pattern formation. Whereas the prechordal plate and notochord have distinct vertical signaling properties, the initial anteroposterior (A\u2010P) pattern of the neural plate may be induced by planar signals originating from the organizer region. Planar signals from the notoplate may also contribute to the mediolateral (M\u2010L) patterning of the neural plate. 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