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The complexity of this novel search mode, mainly due to the involvement of interruptions and multiple devices, makes users conduct new types of search behaviors and adopt novel search patterns. Though past research has studied this new search mode, there still lacks a sufficient understanding of cross\u2010device search behaviors. To better understand users' behavioral patterns, we adopted hidden Markov model (HMM) to model observed cross\u2010device search behaviors and their underlying search pat\u2010 terns under the same framework. HMM is a widely adopted machine learning technique with the main assumption that observations (e.g., observed search behaviors) are driven by hidden variables (e.g., hidden behavioral patterns). Utilizing the data collected from a user study consisting of two types of cross\u2010session search conditions \u2013 mobile\u2010to\u2010desktop (M\u2010D) and desktop\u2010to\u2010desktop (D\u2010D) \u2013 we demonstrate the validity of using HMM for modeling and identifying hidden behavioral patterns, and based on the identified patterns, we discover that re\u2010finding is a common pattern at the beginning of the continued search session, and querying, exploitation and exploration contribute to the dominated behaviors in later search stages. Our results also show clear device effects on cross\u2010device search (M\u2010D) vs cross\u2010session search (D\u2010D). All these evidences confirm that better support mechanisms are in critical need for a cross\u2010device search and the HMM\u2010 based modeling can help.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.2017.14505401017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T03:35:36Z","timestamp":1508816136000},"page":"150-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Understanding and modeling behavior patterns in cross\u2010device web search"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Shuguang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daqing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agichtein E. 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