{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T20:42:38Z","timestamp":1772224958096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5570,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Protein Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A \u03b2\u2010bulge is a region of irregularity in a \u03b2\u2010sheet involving two \u03b2\u2010strands. It usually involves two or more residues in the bulged strand opposite to a single residue on the adjacent strand. These irregularities in \u03b2\u2010sheets were identified and classified automatically, extending the definition of \u03b2\u2010bulges given by Richardson et al. (Richardson, J.S., Getzoff, E.D., &amp; Richardson, D.C., 1978, <jats:italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75<\/jats:italic>, 2574\u20132578). A set of 182 protein chains (170 proteins) was used, and a total of 362 bulges were extracted. Five types of \u03b2\u2010bulges were found: classic, G1, wide, bent, and special. Their characteristic amino acid preferences were found for most classes of bulges. Basically, bulges occur frequently in proteins; on average there are more than two bulges per protein. In general, \u03b2\u2010bulges produce two main changes in the structure of a \u03b2\u2010sheet: (1) disrupt the normal alternation of side\u2010chain direction; (2) accentuate the twist of the sheet, altering the direction of the surrounding strands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560021004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]],"date-time":"2009-02-10T00:03:08Z","timestamp":1234224188000},"page":"1574-1590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Identification, classification, and analysis of beta\u2010bulges in proteins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"A. W. Edith","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E. Gail","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Janet M.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(89)90602-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(90)90076-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bb.13.060184.002321"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(77)80200-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.53.070184.002541"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(85)90137-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00699a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(90)90156-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/fs9821700109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Atlas of Macromolecular Structure on Microfiche","author":"Feldmann R.J.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(87)90658-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340050408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00489a009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340080303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(83)90008-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360232a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.360221211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889891004399"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90594-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98942-8","article-title":"Crystal\u2010structure of activated ribulose\u20101,5\u2010bisphosphate carboxylase complexed with its substrate, ribulose\u20101,5\u2010bisphosphate","volume":"266","author":"Lundqvist T.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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