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A comparison of four \u0394<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>transfer<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup> scales reveals that the values for hydrogen\u2010bonding side chains are highly dependent on the non\u2010aqueous environment. This property of polar side chains violates the assumptions underlying the paradigm of equating \u0394<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>transfer<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup> with hydrophobicity or even with a generic solvation energy that is directly relevant to protein stability and ligand binding energetics. This simple regaining of the original concept of hydrophobicity reveals a flaw in approaches that use \u0394<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>transfer<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup> values to derive generic estimates of the energetics of the burial of polar groups, and allows the introduction of a \u201cpure\u201d hydrophobicity scale for the amino acid residues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560060618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]],"date-time":"2009-02-10T05:38:44Z","timestamp":1234244324000},"page":"1302-1307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["Hydrophobicity regained"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Andrew 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