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In an \u03b1\u2010helix, the first four &gt;N\u2010H groups and last four &gt;C=O groups necessarily lack intrahelical hydrogen bonds. Instead, such groups are often capped by alternative hydrogen bond partners. This review enlarges our earlier hypothesis (Presta LG, Rose GD. 1988. Helix signals in proteins.\n                    <jats:italic>Science 240<\/jats:italic>\n                    :1632\u20101641) to include hydrophobic capping. A hydrophobic interaction that straddles the helix terminus is always associated with hydrogen\u2010bonded capping. From a global survey among proteins of known structure, seven distinct capping motifs are identified\u2010three at the helix N\u2010terminus and four at the C\u2010terminus. The consensus sequence patterns of these seven motifs, together with results from simple molecular modeling, are used to formulate useful rules of thumb for helix termination. Finally, we examine the role of helix capping as a bridge linking the conformation of secondary structure to supersecondary structure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560070103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T12:43:24Z","timestamp":1375188204000},"page":"21-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":691,"title":["Helix capping"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Aurora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"George D.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3220229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00387a002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/330041a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.5.2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8178170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00129a006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1994.1308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(77)80200-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.1975.360140118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100785a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)81117-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340100206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.11332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(76)90191-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00699a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(96)80088-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"443","volume-title":"Techniques in Protein Chemistry","author":"Creamer TP","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3011.1993.tb00470.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00177a033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560060117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/1.3.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/4.3.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6107(93)90015-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/7.6.777"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0282(199701)41:1<27::AID-BIP3>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340050102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0134(199702)27:2<249::AID-PROT11>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.3.838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00094a058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560040802"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00140a005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.9.4025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00081a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560030317"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/294532a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560031206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00079a010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8235610"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"487","article-title":"Helix stop and start signals in peptides and proteins. 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