{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:44:31Z","timestamp":1761057871115},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,11]],"date-time":"2003-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1071100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["RO1-CA58093","RO1-DK45909","U01-CA84296","SPORE-CA58204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-CA58093","RO1-DK45909","U01-CA84296","SPORE-CA58204"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myodifferentiation of stromal cells is a key step in prostate development and is a hallmark of reactive stroma in prostate cancer. Little is known about regulatory mechanisms, however, prostate stromal cells are androgen\u2010regulated and TGF\u2010\u03b21 is a known stimulator of stromal myodifferentiation. The PS\u20101 rat prostate stromal cell line expresses androgen receptor, and exhibits androgen\u2010regulated gene expression and proliferation. TGF\u2010\u03b21 inhibits androgen action in PS\u20101 cells through translocation of androgen receptor from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The present study was conducted to determine whether myodifferentiation of PS\u20101 cells is regulated by androgen and TGF\u2010\u03b21, and how myodifferentiation affects androgen receptor localization and cell proliferation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>PS\u20101 cell cultures were exposed to physiological concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, TGF\u2010\u03b21, and combinations of both in chemically defined medium. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting for smooth muscle \u03b1\u2010actin filament formation, smooth muscle \u03b1\u2010actin protein levels, calponin expression, PCNA index, and androgen receptor localization were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and TGF\u2010\u03b21 each separately promoted PS\u20101 myodifferentiation. A combination did not affect the rate of differentiation, however, the level of \u03b1\u2010actin protein was elevated and PCNA was decreased in co\u2010stimulated conditions. TGF\u2010\u03b21 induction resulted in a transient translocation of androgen receptor from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during differentiation followed by a resumed nuclear localization in myodifferentiated cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data indicate that a complex cross\u2010talk mechanism exists between androgen and TGF\u2010\u03b21 signaling in prostate stromal cells that affects cell proliferation and myodifferentiation. These findings also suggest that androgen and TGF\u2010\u03b21 interactions may cooperatively regulate myodifferentiation of stromal cells in the stromal response in prostate cancer. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,21]],"date-time":"2004-01-21T10:02:08Z","timestamp":1074679328000},"page":"299-307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Regulation of rat prostate stromal cell myodifferentiation by androgen and TGF\u2010\u03b21"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Gerdes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Truong D.","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Ressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer 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