{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:20:41Z","timestamp":1779110441631,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quality &amp; Reliability Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A primary issue in FlexRay communication system design for safety\u2010critical automotive applications is how to verify the system reliability in early design phase. Reliability modeling is often used to predict the system reliability before its implementation. Previously, research rarely discusses the effects of network topology and clock synchronization between FlexRay ECUs of a cluster on the system reliability. In this study, we first apply a well\u2010known probabilistic reasoning method, Bayesian network (BN), to model the reliability of FlexRay systems with various network topologies, and then employ the Markov chain (MC) to model the reliability of clock synchronization process in terms of the number and failure rates of sync ECUs in the cluster. The BN and MC are then combined to form an integrated model termed as\n                    <jats:italic>BN\u2010MC<\/jats:italic>\n                    for thorough assessment of the FlexRay synchronization and system reliability. Through a FlexRay steer\u2010by\u2010wire (SBW) case study, we demonstrate the influence of various ECU failure rates, topologies, and number of sync ECUs on the reliability of FlexRay SBW system. Furthermore, based on\n                    <jats:italic>BN\u2010MC<\/jats:italic>\n                    model we propose a\n                    <jats:italic>safety\u2010level\u2010compliant preliminary system architecture exploration process (SPSAEP)<\/jats:italic>\n                    to effectively assist the system engineers in achieving a reliable FlexRay system architecture, which complies with the demanded safety integrity level.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.3810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T05:56:47Z","timestamp":1747634207000},"page":"2676-2699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Effective Integrated Reliability Modeling for Safety\u2010Critical FlexRay Communication Systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0283-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuen\u2010Long","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science National Taipei University  New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yung\u2010Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering National Taipei University  New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.MakowitzandC.Temple \u201cFlexRay\u2014A Communication Network for Automotive Control Systems \u201d inProceedings IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems(IEEE 2006) 207\u2013212 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WFCS.2006.1704153.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS.2006.1704153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2320605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700448"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"IEC 61508. \u201cFunctional Safety of Electrical\/Electronic\/Programmable Electronicsafety\u2010Related Systems \u201dInternational Standard of the International Electrotechnicalcommission (IEC)(2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"ISO 26262. \u201cRoad Vehicles \u2013 Functional Safety \u201dInternational Standard of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)(2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"ISO 17458. \u201cRoad Vehicles \u2014 FlexRay Communications System\u201dInternational Standard of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)(2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems","author":"Pearl J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Zhang H.Yue X.Wu andW.Chen \u201cA Brief Review of Bayesian Belief Network \u201d in2019 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)(IEEE 2019) 3910\u20133914 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CCDC.2019.8832649.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2019.8832649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2858281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0951\u20108320(00)00077\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.BoudaliandJ. 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