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To replicate realistic operational conditions, a train\u2010track coupling dynamic model that includes the axle box has been established. This model integrates essential factors such as track irregularities, wheel\u2013rail contact mechanics, and friction coefficients. The findings indicate that axle box bearings are exposed to multi\u2010frequency composite loading in actual service environments, with lateral load non\u2010uniformity markedly exceeding that observed in the longitudinal direction. Fourier transform analysis revealed that the radial load frequency of axle box bearings closely correlates with wheel rotational speed, whereas the axial load demonstrated significant irregularities. Finite element simulation results estimated the crack propagation life of the axle box bearings to be approximately 1.754\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u2076 cycles, corresponding to a service distance of roughly 108,200\u00a0km. Additionally, key parameters such as the stress intensity factor were obtained, contributing to the assessment of fatigue life under operational loading conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.3816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T03:50:15Z","timestamp":1748577015000},"page":"2780-2796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic Simulation of Axle Box Bearing Fatigue in High\u2010Speed Rail Systems Incorporating Train\u2010Track Coupling Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Hongming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Wenzhou University  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Polytechnic  Wenzhou Zhejiang 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