{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:37:04Z","timestamp":1785901024109,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2302094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2302094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quality &amp; Reliability Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are revolutionizing a wide range of military and civilian applications. Since mission failures caused by malfunctions of UAVs can incur significant economic losses, modeling and ensuring the reliability of UAV\u2010based mission systems is a crucial area of research with challenges posed by multiple dependent phases of operations and collaborations among heterogeneous UAVs. The existing reliability models are mostly applicable to single\u2010UAV or homogeneous multi\u2010UAV systems. This paper advances the state of the art by proposing a new analytical modeling method to assess the reliability of a multi\u2010phased mission performed by heterogeneous collaborative UAVs. The proposed method systematically integrates an integral\u2010based Markov approach with a binary decision diagram\u2010based combinatorial method, addressing inter\u2010 and intraphase collaborations as well as phase\u2010dependent configurations of heterogeneous UAVs for accomplishing different tasks. As demonstrated by a detailed analysis of a two\u2010phase rescue mission performed by six UAVs, the proposed method has no limitations on UAV's time\u2010to\u2010failure and time\u2010to\u2010detection distributions. Another contribution is to formulate and solve UAV allocation problems, achieving a balance between mission success probability and total cost. Given the uncertainties inherent in the mission scenario, the random phase duration problem is also examined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T10:45:19Z","timestamp":1757155519000},"page":"173-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unmanned Aerial Vehicles\u2010Based Mission Reliability in Collaborative, Heterogeneous, and Dynamic Environments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Junxing","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Massachusetts \u2013 Dartmouth  Dartmouth Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1606-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liudong","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Massachusetts \u2013 Dartmouth  Dartmouth Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Kuei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Chaoyang University of Technology  Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Business Administration Asia University  Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113349"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Nishitani R.Kawada J.Kojima T.Matsuki K.Doimoto andK.Sugaki \u201cImprovement of Combined Aerial and Underwater Drone System \u201d inOceans 2023 \u2013 MTS\/IEEE U.S. Gulf Coast (IEEE Biloxi MS USA 2023) 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.23919\/OCEANS52994.2023.10337337"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3218491"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","volume-title":"Reliability and Resilience in the Internet of Things","author":"Xing L.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.108064"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.PetritoliandF.Leccese \u201cA New Approach to Reliability Evaluation and Fault Diagnosis of UAV as a Complex System \u201d in2024 11th International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace) (IEEE Lublin Poland 2024) 449\u2013454.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroAeroSpace61015.2024.10591516"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2015.2495153"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109349"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2019.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.109955"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107879"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics10010026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2023.102229"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2767\/3\/032030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.AhmedandM.Jenihhin \u201cCross\u2010Layer Bayesian Network for UAV Health Monitoring \u201d in2024 2nd International Conference on Unmanned Vehicle Systems\u2010Oman (UVS) (IEEE Muscat Oman 2024) 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/UVS59630.2024.10467174"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Samadi M.Ammar andO. A.Mohamed \u201cFault Tree Analysis and Risk Mitigation Strategies for Autonomous Systems via Statistical Model Checking \u201d in2021 IEEE International Conference on Autonomous Systems (ICAS) Montreal QC Canada(2021) 1\u20135 10.1109\/ICAS49788.2021.9551199 IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAS49788.2021.9551199"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106622"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109311"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110581"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Rusnak M.Kvassay E.Zaitseva V.Kharchenko andH.Fesenko \u201cReliability Assessment of Heterogeneous Drone Fleet With Sliding Redundancy \u201d in10th International Conference on Dependable Systems Services and Technologies Leeds UK(2019) 19\u201324 IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/DESSERT.2019.8770031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3381735"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.RenandL.Xing \u201cMission Reliability of Collaborative Heterogenous Drone Rescue System \u201d inThe 75th Annual Reliability & Maintainability Symposium (IEEE Miramar Beach Florida USA 2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/RAMS48127.2025.10935031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2024.3430"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119178026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2023.3264943"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/24.765927"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093171"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119507642"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","volume-title":"System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods, and Applications","author":"Rausand M.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.2389"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","volume-title":"Fault Tree Handbook","author":"Vesely W. 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