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This paper introduces a condition\u2010based postponed maintenance framework integrating adaptive imperfect inspection and the postponed replacement with dynamic spare provision for a three\u2010state system. Specifically, (1) a dual\u2010phase inspection protocol identifies the discrete state with two inspection errors, which adapts to the varying trend of system health condition; (2) the defect reporting triggers an ordinary ordering and preventive replacement renews the system upon the arrival of spare; and (3) a dynamic spare selection mechanism is designed depending on whether no defect reporting occurs prior to the failure. The long\u2010term operational cost rate serves as the optimization objective involving the cycle lengths of dual\u2010phase inspection. The superior applicability and effectiveness of the proposed strategy are verified from a case study conducted on a train's bogie axle\u2010bearings compared with two conventional policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T09:41:59Z","timestamp":1757583719000},"page":"39-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Joint Optimization of Condition\u2010Based Postponed Replacement\u2010Spare Control Policy with Adaptive Imperfect Inspection for Three\u2010State System"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1919-9515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiantai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering Beihang University  Beijing 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