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However, its effectiveness is often hampered by the inherent subjectivity of expert judgments and the dynamic nature of risk factors, whose weights may evolve over time, leading to instability in risk prioritization. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel dynamic FMEA framework integrating q\u2010rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q\u2010ROFs) with the Muirhead mean (MM) operator. We introduce the dynamic q\u2010rung orthopair fuzzy Muirhead mean (Dq\u2010ROFMM) and weighted Muirhead mean (Dq\u2010ROFWMM) operators, which effectively aggregate multiperiod evaluation data and capture interrelationships among risk criteria. Additionally, a new score function is developed to enhance the discrimination capability between q\u2010rung orthopair fuzzy number (q\u2010ROFN). The proposed method is applied to a five\u2010axis gantry CNC machine tool, where it identifies the tool magazine system as the most critical subsystem, followed by the spindle and feed system\u2014a finding consistent with empirical failure data. Comparative studies demonstrate that the framework offers improved stability, generality, and validity over existing FMEA approaches, providing a more robust and flexible tool for reliability design in complex mechanical systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.70142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T16:40:28Z","timestamp":1767372028000},"page":"1347-1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel FMEA Method Considering Dynamic Weights and Its Application to CNC Machine Tools"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jialong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability Ministry of Education  Changchun Jilin China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Jilin University  Changchun Jilin China"}]},{"given":"Tianshuo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability Ministry of Education  Changchun Jilin China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Jilin University  Changchun Jilin China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2368-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability Ministry of Education  Changchun Jilin China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Jilin University  Changchun Jilin China"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Chongqing University  Chongqing China"}]},{"given":"Xiufeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Technology Group Machine Tool Engineering Research Institute Co. 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