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Because of their intracellular replication cycle it is no surprise that viruses evolved in a way that allows them to use microRNAs to infect, replicate and persist in host cells. Several ways of interference between virus and host\u2010cell microRNA machinery have been described. Most of the time, viruses drastically alter host\u2010cell microRNA expression or synthesize their own microRNA to facilitate infection and pathogenesis. HIV and HCV are two prominent examples of this complex interplay revealing how fine\u2010tuning of microRNA expression is crucial for controlling key host pathways that allow viral infection and replication, immune escape and persistence. In this review we delve into the mechanisms underlying cellular and viral\u2010encoded microRNA functions in the context of HIV and HCV infections. We focus on which microRNAs are differently expressed and deregulated upon viral infection and how these alterations dictate the fate of virus and cell. 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