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Particularly, the unclassified literature does not contain studies regarding their capabilities and effectiveness in combat. This study introduces a new low\u2010cost expendable UGV called Laykka. Moreover, the study presents a virtual simulation experiment to evaluate Laykkas' operational capabilities and their impact on advancing mechanized infantry units. The experiment involved armored reserve officer students assuming the roles of infantry troops forming an attacking opposing force while staff officers controlled simulated infantry troops operating the UGVs. A total of 16 battle simulations were fought. The simulated UGVs operated by a single soldier were able to stall the advancement of the mechanized infantry company's primary combat units three times out of four and a smaller force 11 out of 12 times. The best stalling effect was observed using a mix of UGVs with different module types. These modules allowed reconnaissance, loitering mine, and anti\u2010tank operations. The simulation experiment revealed that the UGV was an effective defensive tool due to its self\u2010destructive capability, causing marked battle damage, disruption, and confusion to the opposing forces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.22442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T14:52:17Z","timestamp":1727275937000},"page":"1125-1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effectiveness of an Expendable Unmanned Ground Vehicle Stalling a Mechanized Infantry Company's Primary Combat Units\u2014A Virtual Simulation Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2471-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian A.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Military Technology Finnish National Defence University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5615-1484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper","family":"Halme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Military Technology Finnish National Defence University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Laine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences Tampere Tampere University Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Hulkko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Military Technology Finnish National Defence University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Military Technology Finnish National Defence University Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis Aalto University Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"79","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"90","article-title":"The Unmanned Ground Vehicles to Be Used in Future Military Operations","volume":"2021","author":"Andersson C. 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