{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T12:22:47Z","timestamp":1761308567984,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18BTJ022","21XTJ006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18BTJ022","21XTJ006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stat Anal Data Min: An ASA Data Sci Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the era of big data and increasing survey costs, non\u2010probability samples become increasingly popular in sampling surveys but may be subject to selection biases with unknown inclusion probabilities. In addition to selection bias, non\u2010probability samples may also suffer from missingness in practice, even nonignorable nonresponse with unknown response probabilities. Superpopulation model methods have been discussed for reducing selection biases from non\u2010probability samples, but not for dealing with nonignorable missingness for non\u2010probability samples yet. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear superpopulation model inference approach for non\u2010probability samples with nonignorable missingness. We develop rigorous procedures for estimating the response probabilities for units in the non\u2010probability sample and the nonlinear superpopulation model parameters, and construct the finite population mean estimator based on the nonlinear superpopulation model, response probabilities, and inclusion probabilities. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators and variance estimation are also discussed under the proposed framework. In a simulation study, we compare the proposed method with some existing methods. The real data analysis results using the National Health Interview Survey data illustrate the good performance of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sam.70040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T10:58:43Z","timestamp":1756724323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nonlinear Superpopulation Model Inference for Non\u2010Probability Samples With Nonignorable Missingness"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6530-6201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Statistics Hubei University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing System and Security (Hubei University), Ministry of Education  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Statistics Hubei University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruohan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Statistics Hubei University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5033-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingli","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Statistics Hubei University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing System and Security (Hubei University), Ministry of Education  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jssam\/smt008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimation With Non\u2010Probability Surveys and the Question of External Validity","author":"Dever J. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of Statistics Canada Symposium"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Beyond Traditional Survey Taking: Adapting to a Changing World","author":"Brick J. M.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jssam\/smz003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"M.Yang N.Ganesh E.Mulrow et al. \u201cEstimation Methods for Nonprobability Samples With a Companion Probability Sample \u201d(2018) Proceedings of the Joint Statistical Meetings."},{"volume-title":"Finite Population Sampling and Inference: A Prediction Approach","year":"2000","author":"Valliant R.","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/088342306000000691"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"A Comparison of Variance Estimators for Poststratification to Estimated Control Totals","volume":"36","author":"Dever J. 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