{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T05:04:13Z","timestamp":1698037453891},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,21]],"date-time":"2007-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1174435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6988,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems &amp;amp; Computers in Japan"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study of how sentences written in natural language are understood includes very important problems in examining human intelligence. At present, however, these problems have not been solved in detail. This paper defines the understanding of sentences as an extraction and organization of information requested for the next intelligent act from sentences.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The act of question answering based on the input sentences is used and the basic process of sentence understanding, knowledge representation for sentence understanding, and the method of application for each of these, are examined.<\/jats:p><jats:p>On the basis of this examination, an experimentally developed system is reported.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this system, sentences are input one by one. First, a sentence is transferred into the semantic representation in the form of a tree structure. This structure represents the dependency relationships between words. This semantic representation is read in sequential order by the basic processes of verb and noun phrases through matching the semantic representation with the definitive knowledge of the word and the general knowledge of the word in the form of a proposition.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Finally, the proper meaning of polysemic words is identified and the meanings of omitted words and phrases are inferred. Also, some of the background information necessary to sentence understanding is identified.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The results of these inferences are used to construct a frame. They are then connected to the other input sentences and organized to obtain the context information.<\/jats:p><jats:p>After the input sentences have been analyzed, an interrogative sentence is input into the system, the system searches for an answer by referring to the context information, generates the semantic representation of the answer, and outputs its response in Japanese.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/scj.4690190209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,7]],"date-time":"2007-07-07T14:48:25Z","timestamp":1183819705000},"page":"85-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A process of understanding sentences and use of knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Itoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyoshi","family":"Ohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shougo","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding","author":"Schank R. C.","year":"1977"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0403_2","article-title":"Language and memory","volume":"4","author":"Schank R. C.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume-title":"The Process of Question Answering: A Computer Simulation of Cognition","author":"Lehnart W. C.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"148","volume":"84","author":"Hirst G.","year":"1984","journal-title":"A Semantic process for syntactic disambiguation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"222","volume":"84","author":"Lyntinen S. L.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Frame selection in parsing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Natural Language Understanding and Logic Programming","author":"Uehara K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","article-title":"Outline of Discourse Understanding System DUALS","volume":"0118","author":"Yasukawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"ICOT research prompt report"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","unstructured":"Yoshitake Yokota KawaguchiandTamachi. Natural Language Understanding System IMAGES\u2010III Theses in Knowledge Information Processing Symposium pp.17\u201326(Sept.1985)."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","article-title":"System on Context Information (Assimilation)","volume":"52","author":"Ishigaki","year":"1985","journal-title":"IPSJ Journal of Natural Language Processing"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"1427","article-title":"The Meaning Structure of Attribute Adjectives\u2014An Approach to Semantic Representation","volume":"65","author":"Takagi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans. I.E.C.E., Japan, (D)"},{"issue":"79","key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","article-title":"The Meaning Structures of Some Adjectival Expressions (2)","volume":"80","author":"Takagi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Jour. I.E.C.E., Japan"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"216","article-title":"Generation of Japanese Sentences from Visual Information in the World of Two\u2010Dimensional Figures","volume":"67","author":"Takagi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trans. I.E.C.E., Japan, (D)"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"1083","article-title":"The Tally Process of Japanese Sentence with Visual Information in the World of Two\u2010Dimensional Figuresm","volume":"69","author":"Itoh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. I.E.C.E., Japan (D)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","article-title":"The System of Solving Mathematical Simple Sentence Problem","volume":"39","author":"Takagi","year":"1985","journal-title":"IPSJ Journal of Knowledge Engineering and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","article-title":"A Process of Understanding Sentences and Use of Knowledge","volume":"43","author":"Itoh","year":"1985","journal-title":"IPSJ Journal of Knowledge Engineering and Artificial Intelligence"}],"container-title":["Systems and Computers in Japan"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fscj.4690190209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/scj.4690190209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T07:59:04Z","timestamp":1697961544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/scj.4690190209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/scj.4690190209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/scj.4690190209","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-1666","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-684X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]}}}