{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T14:40:46Z","timestamp":1698072046076},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,5]],"date-time":"2007-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7187,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems &amp; Computers in Japan"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to give a clear description of the control scheme for the voluntary muscular activities by the brain. To describe the mechanism of muscular control by the complex central nervous system including the brain, it will be useful to adopt a synthetic approach in which a hypothesis is set for the functional structure of the entire motor center based on the physiological and anatomical findings, and to verify the hypothesis by referring to the observation of the muscular activities. From such a viewpoint, this paper considers first the target tracking by the forearm horizontal flection and extension. The muscular activities of the head of the biceps brachii and the head of the triceps brachii, which play major roles in the flexor and extensor muscles, were examined. It is assumed that a wide range of central mechanisms, from the visual to motor systems, is involved with the tracking forearm movement. From the viewpoint of their functional roles, the central mechanism is divided as follows from the top level: the brain reflex mechanism; the cerebrum\u2010cerebellum mechanism; reciprocal neural control mechanism and stretch reflex mechanisms; and the activity adjustment mechanism for the motor units, which are the final basic units for motor output. For each of these levels, the physiological findings are arranged with the interpretations from control theory. The model for the central nervous system is thus constructed. Finally, using the constructed model for the central nervous system, the tracking forearm movement is reconstructed. The behavior of the model was verified by simulating the muscular activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/scj.4690191210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]],"date-time":"2009-11-19T20:59:35Z","timestamp":1258664375000},"page":"92-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain Control of Voluntary Muscular Activities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hideo","family":"Taguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Munakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Kiriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Reflex Physiology of Motion\u2014Basis and Clinical Applications","author":"Shimamura M.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","series-title":"Monographs of the Physiological Society 34","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Corticospinal neurones\u2014Their role in movement","author":"Phillips C.G.","year":"1977"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"116","article-title":"Studies in postural control systems","volume":"6","author":"Agarwal G.C.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Part I: Torque disturbance input, I.E.E.E. Trans. Systems Science and Cybernetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"198","volume-title":"Kine\u2010anatomy","author":"Fujiwara T.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"412","volume-title":"Anatomy of Japanese","author":"Kaneko U.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"28","volume-title":"EMG in rehabilitation, Rehab. Clinics 3","author":"Nakamura R.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013775"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1965.28.3.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Mechanism and control of biological motion, (Tsuchiya. 5\u2010V Analysis of tracking movement)","author":"Mashima H.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Design for Brain","author":"Ito M.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"212","volume-title":"Brain and nervous system (Hono and Shimazu. 4\u201011 Central mechanism for control of motion)","author":"Tokizane T.","year":"1976"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Integrated control model for central nervous system in forearm movement","volume":"64","author":"Taguchi H.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans. (A). I.E.C.E., Japan"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Science of brain I (M. Aoki. 2\u20101 Mechanism of motion reflex)","author":"Nakamura Y.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1977.10547"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/7.4.308"}],"container-title":["Systems and Computers in Japan"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fscj.4690191210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fscj.4690191210","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/scj.4690191210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T03:32:26Z","timestamp":1697945546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/scj.4690191210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/scj.4690191210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/scj.4690191210","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-1666","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-684X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,1]]}}}