{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T05:21:53Z","timestamp":1737264113818,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,22]],"date-time":"2007-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1174521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6289,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems &amp; Computers in Japan"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A human expert is able to determine phoneme boundaries through spectrogram reading with high accuracy using one's knowledge and strategy. The authors developed a phoneme segmentation expert system which simulates a human expert spectrogram reading process using knowledge and strategy. This expert system detects phonemes from a continuous speech spectrogram and determines phoneme boundaries with their coarsely classified phoneme according to human expert knowledge and strategy which is described as rules. An assumption\u2010based inference with certainty factors and top\u2010down acoustic feature extraction under phoneme context hypotheses are incorporated into the expert system to simulate the phoneme contextual fuzzy knowledge and strategy used by a human expert. This framework makes it possible to deal with phoneme variations caused by coarticulation, and to extract accurate acoustic features on a spectrogram for phoneme segmentation. Japanese consonant segmentation knowledge currently is incorporated into the system which detected 90.8 percent of the phonemes correctly. In particular, the average alignment error of phoneme boundaries detected by the system was 5.8 ms, which is as accurate as those detected by a human expert.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/scj.4690211210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,7]],"date-time":"2007-07-07T19:13:01Z","timestamp":1183835581000},"page":"90-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phoneme segmentation expert system using spectrogram reading knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kaichiro","family":"Hatazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Komori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kawabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kiyohiro","family":"Shikano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. W.ZueandRonald A.Cole.Experiments on spectrogram reading. Proc. IEEE ICASSP pp.116\u2013119(1979).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1979.1170735"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.Carbonell J. \u2010P.Damestoy D.Fohr J. \u2010P.Haton andF.Lonchamp.APHODEX design and implementation of an acousticphonetic decoding expert system. Proc. IEEE ICASSP pp.1201\u20131204(1986).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1986.1168799"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. W.ZueandF.Lamel.An expert spectrogram reader: A knowledge\u2010based approach to speech recognition. Proc. IEEE ICASSP pp.1197\u20131200(1986).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1986.1168798"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. \u2010E.Stern M.Eskenazi andD.Memmi.An expert system for speech spectrogram reading. Proc. IEEE ICASSP pp.1193\u20131196(1986).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1986.1168793"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. H.Connolly E. A.Edmonds J. J.Guzy S. R.Johnson andA.Woodcock.Automatic speech recognition based on spectrogram reading. Proc. IEEE ICASSP pp.611\u2013621(1986).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80012-8"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"1189","article-title":"A Continuous Speech Recognition Expert System","volume":"70","author":"Mizoguchi R.","journal-title":"I. E. I. C. E., Japan"},{"volume-title":"ART Reference Manual","year":"1987","key":"e_1_2_1_8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90080-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","unstructured":"M.Ishizuka.Representation and Utilization of Ambiguous Knowledge pp.1481\u20131486(S60\u201312)"},{"volume-title":"Rule\u2010Based Expert Systems","year":"1985","author":"Buchanan B. 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