{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T05:40:58Z","timestamp":1698298858883},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,21]],"date-time":"2007-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1174435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4462,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems &amp; Computers in Japan"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper proposes a method to extract 3\u2010D information from images of multiple viewpoints, avoiding the problem of feature point matching which is common in stereo techniques. A straight line connecting a characteristic point in an image and the lens center (a backprojection line) goes through a real point on the object. Thus, the object space is divided into small voxels. For each backprojection line of all images, give a vote to each voxel which intersects with it and extract voxels with high score. Then they are expected to be common to many images and represent characteristic points of the object in 3\u2010D space.<\/jats:p><jats:p>However, in actual calculation, it is not so simple. For example, there are problems of: (1) voxel size selection; (2) interference of very near points; and (3) difference of the scores caused by occlusion. (Details are mentioned later.) Problem (1) will be solved by introducing a concept that voxels are supported by images instead of backprojection lines. Problems (2) and (3) will be solved by two\u2010step voting: the first vote is done uniformly along the backprojection lines, and the second is done selectively based on the result of the first vote. Since the proposed voting method is not affected by the voxel size, it is possible to adopt an algorithm to begin with large voxels and divide only necessary voxels into smaller ones recursively until necessary resolution is gained. Experiments with synthesized images and actual images show validation of the method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/scj.4690261006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,8]],"date-time":"2007-07-08T03:31:22Z","timestamp":1183865482000},"page":"59-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extraction of three\u2010dimensional structure from images of multiple viewpoints by two\u2010step voting"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shinjiro","family":"Kawato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4532-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00054837"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00128525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(88)90092-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","unstructured":"G.Gerig.Linking image\u2010space and accumulator\u2010space: A new approach for object\u2010recognition. Proc. of ICCV'87 pp.112\u2013117(June1987)."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"342","article-title":"Structure from Motion by Voting Algorithm","volume":"75","author":"Hamano T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans. I.E.I.C.E., Japan"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"505","article-title":"Direct Estimation of Structure from Nonlinear Motion by Voting Algorithm without Tracking","author":"Hamano T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. of ICPR'92"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Estimation of Structure by Voting Algorithm with Pyramids of Sights","volume":"76","author":"Hamano T.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans. I.E.I.C.E., Japan"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","unstructured":"S.Kawato.Double Backprojection Method to Extract 3\u2010D Information from Multiple Images. IPSJ SIG Reports Japan 92\u2010CV\u201079\u20107 pp.43\u201350(Sept.1992)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.141385"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional Data Acquisition by Trinocular Vision","volume":"5","author":"Kitamura Y.","year":"1987","journal-title":"JRSJ, Japan"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"608","article-title":"Trends in the techniques to obtain three\u2010dimensionalinformation using image data","volume":"107","author":"Ohta Y.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. I.E.E., Japan"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"493","volume-title":"The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures","author":"Samet H.","year":"1989"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Determining three\u2010dimensional structure from image sequences given by horizontal and vertical moving camera","volume":"69","author":"Yamamoto M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. I.E.I.C.E., Japan"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","unstructured":"W.Yao T.Horikoshi T.YasunoandS.Suzuki.Structure from Motion using Coarse to Fine 3\u2010D Voting. Proc. of MVA'92 (IAPR Workshop on Machine Vision Applications) pp.313\u2013316(1992)."}],"container-title":["Systems and Computers in Japan"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fscj.4690261006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/scj.4690261006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T16:22:21Z","timestamp":1698250941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/scj.4690261006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/scj.4690261006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/scj.4690261006","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-1666","1520-684X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-1666","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-684X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}}}