{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:27:59Z","timestamp":1777861679411,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Systems Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Moving systems engineering's center of gravity from text documents to digital models, model\u2010based system engineering (MBSE) facilitates collaboration, reduces errors, and improves system understanding, but systems engineers often face challenges when they start working with MBSE, as they need to consider and model textual requirements as a basis for the system architecture. Synchronizing requirements with the system model can address critical questions, such as which requirements are assigned and covered in the system model, what effort is required to meet these requirements, how to manage changes to requirements, and how to effectively trace them in the system. Object Process Methodology (OPM, ISO 19450) is an MBSE language and methodology for modeling systems, which encapsulates function, structure, and behavior within a single model. The research goal is to expand the MBSE methodology by modeling requirements that are linked to system model artifacts. \u00a0The objective is minimizing misunderstandings between stakeholders\u2019 text\u2010based requirements and the engineered model while improving the ability to track changes in requirements and artifacts. An OPM\u2010based model, OPM\u2010R, which unifies system requirements and architecture, was developed and evaluated through (1) interviews with seven experts who compared the current text\u2010based approach and the proposed one based on the requirements of three test system models and (2) a researcher diary. Findings indicate that OPM\u2010R is preferred over the text\u2010based approach, as it reduces misunderstandings and gaps in requirements, enhancing the ability to trace coverage of system artifacts and track changes in requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.70035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T05:20:14Z","timestamp":1766726414000},"page":"511-523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Unified Requirements\u2010Architecture System Model\u2014Development and Empirical Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Liat","family":"Katzir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences Technion, Israel Institute of Technology  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9562-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahaf","family":"Rocker Yoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education in Science and Technology Technion, Israel Institute of Technology3200003  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dov","family":"Dori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences Technion, Israel Institute of Technology  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Mastering the Requirements Process: Getting Requirements Right","author":"Robertson S.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Application of MBSE to Requirements Engineering\u2010Research Challenges","author":"Ryan M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"L. E.Hart \u201cIntroduction to Model\u2010Based System Engineering (MBSE) and SysML \u201d inDelaware Valley INCOSE Chapter Meeting(2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203746936"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/inst.12021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Weapon System Engineering","author":"Blekhman A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.1984.233702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. E.GiachettiandW.Vaneman \u201cRequirements for a System Model in the Context of Digital Engineering \u201d in2021 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon)(2021) 1\u20137 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/syscon48628.2021.9447088.","DOI":"10.1109\/SysCon48628.2021.9447088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"J.Kolligs \u201cThe Case for Alternate Media Requirement Expressions in Systems Engineering\u201d (PhD diss. University of Alabama in Huntsville 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"Guide to Writing Requirements, Version 4","author":"INCOSE","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJSE.2023.3249048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.Shiamzu \u201cRequirement Model for a High Quality Service System: For Reducing Both Costs of Planning and Development \u201d inIEEE International Conference on Service\u2010Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA)(2011) 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCA.2011.6166219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.ForsbergandH.Mooz \u201cThe Relationship of System Engineering to the Project Cycle \u201d inINCOSE Symposium Proceedings(1992).","DOI":"10.1080\/10429247.1992.11414684"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"752","article-title":"Toward Systems Engineering Meta\u2010Methodology","volume":"33","author":"Mordecai Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Council on Systems Engineering International Symposium"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"Systems Engineering Handbook","author":"INCOSE","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"INCOSE L. S. Wheatcraft M. J. Ryan T. Edner Katz Needs and Requirements Manual: Needs Requirements Verification Validation Across the Lifecycle. Wiley 2024. ISBN: 978\u20101\u2010394\u201015276\u20106. ."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.MordecaiandD.Dori \u201cModel\u2010Based Requirements Engineering: Architecting for System Requirements in Stakeholders in Mind \u201d inIEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE)(2017) 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/SysEng.2017.8088273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21792"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.MordecaiandE. F.Crawley \u201cTowards Context\u2010Awareness in Model\u2010Based Requirements Engineering \u201d inIEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon)(2021) 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/SysCon48628.2021.9763443"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Survey of Model\u2010Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) Methodologies","volume":"25","author":"Estefan J. A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"INCOSE MBSE Focus Group"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27486-3_12-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2011.2106495"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00010359"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"A.BlekhmanandD.Dori \u201cModel\u2010Based Requirements Authoring\u2010Creating Explicit Specifications With OPM \u201d in6th International Conference on Systems Engineering(2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"OPCloud: An OPM Integrated Conceptual\u2010Executable Modeling Environment for Industry 4.0","author":"Dori D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Systems Engineering in the Fourth Industrial Revolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2017.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"X.Kang V.Shteyngardt Y.Wang andD.Dori \u201cNeuro\u2010Conceptual Artificial Intelligence: Integrating OPM With Deep Learning to Enhance Question Answering Quality \u201d inProceedings of Bridging Neurons and Symbols for Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Graphs Reasoning @ COLING(2025) 71\u201385."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"J. R. A.Maier T.Ezhilan G. M.Fadel J. D.Summers andG. A.Mocko \u201cA Hierarchical Requirements Modeling Scheme to Support Engineering Innovation \u201d inProceedings of ICED(2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21634"}],"container-title":["Systems Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/sys.70035","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/sys.70035","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/sys.70035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:50:33Z","timestamp":1777524633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/sys.70035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/sys.70035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sys.70035","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-1241","1520-6858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-1241","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}