{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T20:21:52Z","timestamp":1787602912038,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62103158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["incose.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Systems Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>In response to the growing need for reconfigurable systems in dynamic operational environments, this paper presents a model\u2010based modular and reconfigurable architecture design approach that integrates Model\u2010Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) method with modular decomposition. The method centers on a service\u2010driven Function\u2010Mode\u2010Component (FMC) model constructed using the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF), explicitly linking functional behaviors, operational modes, and physical components. To address hidden reconfiguration constraints, a design matrix and state\u2010space analysis framework are introduced, identifying conflicts arising from shared components, sequential dependencies, and concurrent operations. Coupled with a multi\u2010criteria modular decomposition strategy that accounts for reconfiguration constraints, the approach generates cohesive, low\u2010coupling modules while quantitatively evaluating alternative decompositions. A missile launch system case study demonstrates the method's capability to guide modular decomposition, uncover infeasible reconfiguration paths, and provide feedback to update DoDAF models, supporting iterative model\u2010based architecture design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance and Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For Researchers: This study bridges a gap between model\u2010based systems engineering (MBSE) and modular design by introducing a novel Function\u2010Mode\u2010Component (FMC) modeling framework. Based on MBSE models using Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF), the proposed approach explicitly links functional behaviors, operational modes, and physical components while accounting for hidden reconfiguration constraints such as shared resource dependencies and sequential\/concurrent operation conflicts. The case study demonstrates how this framework enables quantitative evaluation of alternative modular architectures, identification of infeasible transition paths, and feedback\u2010driven improvement of architecture models. Researchers can leverage this methodology to explore the trade\u2010offs between functional cohesion, modularity, and structural integration, and to extend reconfiguration\u2010aware design principles to complex cyber\u2010physical systems and service\u2010driven System\u2010of\u2010Systems.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>For Practitioners: This paper offers a practical, model\u2010based workflow for designing systems that are both modular and readily reconfigurable. It equips architects and engineers with a structured approach to identify hidden integration risks early in the design process, such as component conflicts that could disrupt mission\u2010mode transitions. By applying the FMC method, teams can proactively define transitional functions, optimize module boundaries, and avoid costly late\u2010stage redesigns. This leads to more agile and resilient systems, providing direct value for the development and lifecycle management of complex systems in dynamic, mission\u2010critical domains like defense, aerospace, and automated manufacturing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T11:36:46Z","timestamp":1776944206000},"page":"885-901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Model\u2010Based Modularization Approach for Reconfigurable System Architecture Design"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Zhemei","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science &amp; Technology On Multi\u2010spectral Information Processing Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi'an","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science &amp; Technology On Multi\u2010spectral Information Processing Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Ship Development and Design Center (CSDDC)  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhen","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science &amp; Technology On Multi\u2010spectral Information Processing Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"B.Clark D.Patt andH.Schramm \u201cMosaic Warfare: Exploiting Artificial Intelligence And Autonomous Systems To Implement Decision\u2010Centric Operations \u201d (Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2024.3360476"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2022.2074323"},{"issue":"0","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Model\u2010based Multi\u2010Layer Service Design and Identification Method for Combat System\u2010of\u2010Systems","volume":"0","author":"Fang Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2009.00241.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Office of the Under Secretary of Defense Research and Engineering \u201cModular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) Reference Frameworks in Defense Acquisition Programs \u201d (Office of the Under Secretary of Defense Research and Engineering 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58610-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"The Open Group \u201cTechnical Standard For Future Airborne Capability Environment (FACE) edition 2.1 \u201d (The Open Group 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09544828.2016.1166482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09544828.2021.1980203"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Model\u2010Based Systems Engineering in Modular Design","volume":"5","author":"Albers A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Design Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC\/IEEE \u201cISO\/IEC\/IEEE 42010:2022(E) Systems Software And Enterprise\u2014Architecture Description \u201d (ISO\/IEC\/IEEE 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iis2.13280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"Joint Staff \u201cCharter of the Joint Requirements Oversight Council And Implementation Of The Joint Capabilities Integration And Development System \u201d (Joint Staff 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.20180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iis2.13195"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.Boggero P. 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