{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:39:40Z","timestamp":1777419580192,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Myxobolus cerebralis (Mc) is a myxozoan parasite causing whirling disease in hatchery- and natural-origin salmonids. To minimize spread of this parasite and the incidence of its associated disease, fish health professionals routinely screen fish for Mc before stocking or moving the fish to Mc-free waters. Sample collection for Mc traditionally entails lethal sampling of cranial tissue followed by pepsin\u2013trypsin digest (PTD) and screening of the sample for mature myxobolid myxospores (PTD method); however, nonlethal sampling methods would be advantageous in some circumstances, such as when dealing with rare or otherwise valuable fish. Accordingly, we compared Mc detections in cranial cartilage by using the PTD method with PCR assays of fin biopsies collected from juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and adult steelhead O. mykiss. Cranial samples were also analyzed using PCR methods for comparative purposes. Results indicated that Mc could be detected by PCR in fin clips, but the results generated by this approach differed significantly from those associated with PTD- and\/or PCR-based analysis of cranial cartilage samples. Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis\u2014of individual head samples and head digest pools in both species as well as fins in steelhead\u2014yielded more positive detections than PTD analysis alone. The PCR-based analysis of head and fin tissues yielded different Mc detection rates in both species, but the nature of the detection disparity varied depending on the species and\/or life stage of the fish. We conclude that for lethal cranial samples, neither PTD nor PCR should be used alone, but using these techniques in concert may provide the most complete and accurate estimation of Mc presence in a group of salmonids. If imperiled or highly valuable fish are in question, nonlethal fin samples may be used to generate some information regarding Mc status, with the understanding that parasite DNA detections do not necessarily signify mature infections or disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]],"date-time":"2017-12-18T09:16:02Z","timestamp":1513588562000},"page":"57-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Sampling and Detection Methods for Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Naturally Infected with <i>Myxobolus cerebralis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Luciano V.","family":"Chiaramonte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Nampa Research Office, 1414 East Locust Lane, Nampa, Idaho, 83686, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Burbank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Eagle Fish Health Laboratory, 1800 Trout Road, Eagle, Idaho, 83616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Eagle Fish Health Laboratory, 1800 Trout Road, Eagle, Idaho, 83616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse T.","family":"Trushenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Eagle Fish Health Laboratory, 1800 Trout Road, Eagle, Idaho, 83616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011310281961000_aah10008-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12189","article-title":"Analysis of regional scale risk of whirling disease in populations of Colorado and Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout using a Bayesian belief network model","volume":"34","author":"Ayre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"2025011310281961000_aah10008-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200403","article-title":"Myxobolus cerebralis infection in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) exposed under natural stream conditions","volume":"12","author":"Baldwin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic 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