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Newly emerged cercariae survived for extended periods in freshwater, with 53\u201373% survival occurring in negative control groups after 24 h. Exposure to dilutions of formalin reduced this survival time, with 0% of cercariae surviving after 30 min in 450 \u03bcL\/L, 40 min in 225 \u03bcL\/L, and 300 min in 113 \u03bcL\/L. Exposure to PEROX-AID (hydrogen peroxide) for 1 h resulted in reduced cercarial survival (16.4%) only at the highest concentration (100 \u03bcL\/L), compared with 100% survival in the untreated controls and all lesser concentrations. Exposure to dilutions of seawater resulted in reduced cercarial survival only at high salinities (15.2\u201330.3\u2030), where 10-min exposures resulted in 0\u201320% survival. These results provide insights into options for prophylactic water treatment at salmonid enhancement facilities that experience high mortalities due to infections with Nanophyetus salmincola. Further, the intolerance of live cercariae to high salinities indicates that exposure to fish occurs primarily in the freshwater portions of watersheds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T16:59:41Z","timestamp":1540400381000},"page":"56-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Susceptibility of\n                    <i>Nanophyetus salmincola<\/i>\n                    Cercariae to Formalin, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Seawater"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"P. K.","family":"Hershberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, Washington, 98358, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. L.","family":"Besijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, Washington, 98358, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. H.","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, Washington, 98358, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Wilmot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Marrowstone Marine Field Station, Nordland, Washington, 98358, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2025011310175640700_aah10050-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005789","article-title":"Double impact: natural molluscicide for schistosomiasis vector control also impedes development of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae into adult parasites","volume":"11","author":"Augusto","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"2025011310175640700_aah10050-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2307\/3275341","article-title":"The life history of the salmon-poisoning fluke, Nanophyetus salmincola (Chapin)","volume":"46","author":"Bennington","year":"1960","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025011310175640700_aah10050-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006364","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006364","article-title":"The effectiveness of water treatment processes against schistosome cercariae: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"2025011310175640700_aah10050-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10017","article-title":"Infection by Nanophyetus salmincola and toxic contaminant exposure in outmigrating steelhead from Puget Sound, Washington: implications for early marine survival","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal 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