{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:22:16Z","timestamp":1791566536955,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"NOAA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA17NOS4780182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA17NOS4780182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA17NOS4780182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA17NOS4780182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum forms blooms during summer in tributaries of the lower Chesapeake Bay. Questions persist about the potential for A. monilatum to negatively affect aquatic organisms. Its main toxin, goniodomin A (GDA), a polyketide macrolide, has been shown to have adverse effects on animals, for example through cytotoxicity and interaction with actin.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica were exposed for 96\u2009h to sublethal concentrations of A. monilatum (615\u2009\u00b1\u200947 cells\/mL [average \u00b1 SD]; containing mainly intracellular GDA [215\u2009\u00b1\u20097.15\u2009pg\/cell] and to a lesser extent goniodomin B, goniodomin C, and GDA seco-acid as quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry) or to nontoxic phytoplankton or were unexposed. They were subsequently depurated for 96\u2009h by exposure to nontoxic phytoplankton. Clearance rates were estimated, and oysters were sampled daily and tissue (gill, digestive gland, and remaining tissues) excised for analyses by histopathology, gene expression quantified by quantitative PCR, and goniodomin quantification.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A positive clearance rate, no mortality, and no tissue pathologies were observed in oysters exposed to A. monilatum. Goniodomin A was detected in gill 6\u2009h after exposure (504\u2009\u00b1\u2009329\u2009\u03bcg\/kg [average \u00b1 SE]) and to a lesser extent in the digestive gland and remaining soft tissues. In the digestive gland, a trend of transformation of GDA to GDA seco-acid was observed. The majority of toxins (\u226583%) were depurated after 96\u2009h. Expression of genes involved in oxidative response increased 14-fold after 6\u2009h, and those involved in actin synthesis showed a 27-fold change after 24\u2009h, while expression of apoptosis genes increased 6.9-fold after 96\u2009h compared with the control (eastern oysters exposed to nontoxic phytoplankton).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exposure experiments (nonsublethal or chronic) should be carried out to better assess the threat of this species and toxins for eastern oysters and other marine organisms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title\/>\n               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J.","family":"Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan B.","family":"Carnegie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Tanniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, PHYTOX Unit, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"R\u00e9veillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, PHYTOX Unit, Nantes, 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