{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T05:24:18Z","timestamp":1737609858817,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis is a fully aquatic, long-lived, and state endangered salamander endemic to the eastern and central United States. Chytridiomycosis is a fungal skin disease of salamanders that can be caused by either Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) or by recently described B. salamandrivorans. B. salamandrivorans is responsible for massive mortality of salamanders in Europe but, to date, has not been reported in the United States, in contrast to Bd. Common signs of Bd infection in salamanders are excessive skin shedding; cutaneous discoloration; mainly in ventral parts of the abdomen and thighs; and eventually death as a result of osmotic imbalance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eastern hellbenders C. a. alleganiensis in the Aquaculture Research Laboratory at Purdue University experienced 33% mortality. Three of the deceased animals were autopsied, and samples for histopathology, microbiology, and Taqman quantitative polymerase chain reaction were taken.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autopsy revealed an abundant, thick, yellow to green mucoid material on the surface of the skin, mainly on the tail and flanks. Histopathology of the skin samples revealed infection with chytrid fungus consistent with chytridiomycosis. Taqman quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed presence of Bd, and bacterial culture confirmed co-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Infected hellbenders were treated with ciprofloxacin, itraconazole, and ceftazidime.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The chytridiomycosis outbreak was most likely caused by sudden environmental stress due to filtration failure and secondary bacterial infection. The surviving animals have not shown any clinical signs of chytridiomycosis for more than 1 year after the treatment and were released the wild river system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T12:39:37Z","timestamp":1733143177000},"page":"303-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chytridiomycosis in a colony of hellbenders <i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2222-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Novotny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Royal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amphibian Disease Laboratory, Disease Investigations Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. K.","family":"Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. F.","family":"Sola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116405","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116405","article-title":"Pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, but not B. salamandrivorans, detected on eastern hellbenders","volume":"10","author":"Bales","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.11609\/JoTT.ZPJ.15.1.184-90","article-title":"Diagnosis of chytridiomycosis in amphibians by hystological examination","volume":"15","author":"Berger","year":"2000","journal-title":"ZOOS'PRINT Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02313-13","article-title":"Duplex real-time PCR for rapid simultaneous detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in amphibian samples","volume":"51","author":"Blooi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02380","article-title":"Historic occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis populations from Missouri","volume":"96","author":"Bodinof","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718816116","article-title":"Sensitivity of histology for the detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis","volume":"31","author":"Borteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0007","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Environmental physiology of the amphibians","author":"Boutilier","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(81)90098-0","article-title":"Respiratory properties of blood in a strictly aquatic and predominantly skin-breathing urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis","volume":"46","author":"Boutilier","year":"1981","journal-title":"Respiration Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3354\/dao060141","article-title":"Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time TaqMan PCR assay","volume":"60","author":"Boyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02307","article-title":"Amphibian decline and extinction: What we know and what we need to learn","volume":"92","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00111","article-title":"Microbiota and mucosal immunity in amphibians","volume":"6","author":"Colombo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"year":"2016","author":"Dean","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0014"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-021-02536-1","article-title":"Plethodontid salamanders show variable disease dynamics in response to Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans chytridiomycosis","volume":"23","author":"DiRenzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biological Invasions"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12428","article-title":"What is your diagnosis? Skin scraping from a hellbender","volume":"46","author":"Dusick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinical Pathology"},{"issue":"6156","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243316","article-title":"The invasive chytrid fungus of amphibians paralyzes lymphocyte responses","volume":"342","author":"Fites","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14493","article-title":"Evolution of resistance to chytridiomycosis is associated with a robust early immune response","volume":"27","author":"Grogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040234","article-title":"Immunological aspects of chytridiomycosis","volume":"6","author":"Grogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3354\/dao073175","article-title":"Diagnostic assays and sampling protocols for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis","volume":"73","author":"Hyatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"issue":"47","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0023","first-page":"E5049","article-title":"The pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis disturbs the frog skin microbiome during a natural epidemic and experimental infection","volume":"111","author":"Jani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1986-4.00034-2","volume-title":"Fowler's zoo and wild animal medicine","author":"Junge","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220810","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.220810","article-title":"Immune priming prior to pathogen exposure sheds light on the relationship between host, microbiome and pathogen in disease","volume":"10","author":"Kaganer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02494","article-title":"Fight fungi with fungi: Antifungal properties of the amphibian mycobiome","volume":"8","author":"Kearns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.07.011","article-title":"The ecology and impact of chytridiomycosis: An emerging disease of amphibians","volume":"25","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-011-0689-7","article-title":"Motile zoospores of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis move away from antifungal metabolites produced by amphibian skin bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Lam","year":"2011","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"issue":"6209","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258268","article-title":"Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders","volume":"346","author":"Martel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"38","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15325","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307356110","article-title":"Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans sp. nov. causes lethal chytridiomycosis in amphibians","volume":"110","author":"Martel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02523","article-title":"Changes in cutaneous microbial abundance with sloughing: Possible implications for infection and disease in amphibians","volume":"101","author":"Meyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03605-z","article-title":"Skin sloughing in susceptible and resistant amphibians regulates infection with a fungal pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Ohmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805306-5.00038-9","volume-title":"Pathology of wildlife and zoo animals","author":"Pessier","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2005.11832990","article-title":"Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians","volume":"96","author":"Piotrowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1655\/0018-0831-76.2.167","article-title":"The amphibian skin microbiome and its protective role against chytridiomycosis","volume":"76","author":"Rebollar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.07.002","article-title":"Amphibian immunity\u2013stress, disease, and climate change","volume":"66","author":"Rollins-Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental & Comparative Immunology"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-008-9655-5","article-title":"Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)","volume":"10","author":"Sabatino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conservation Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.3.560","article-title":"Prevalence of infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus in eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in eastern Tennessee","volume":"48","author":"Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9090911","article-title":"Ecological barriers for an amphibian pathogen: A narrow ecological niche for Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in an Asian chytrid hotspot","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2307\/1443315","article-title":"Age and growth of hellbenders in the Niangua River, Missouri","volume":"1975","author":"Taber","year":"1975","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317760","article-title":"Gas exchange and habitat selection in the aquatic salamanders Necturus maculosus and Cryptobranchus alleganiensis","volume":"83","author":"Ultsch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041481","article-title":"Germ tube mediated invasion of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibian skin is host dependent","volume":"7","author":"Van Rooij","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0266-0","article-title":"Amphibian chytridiomycosis: A review with focus on fungus-host interactions","volume":"46","author":"Van Rooij","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"5952","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176765","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines","volume":"326","author":"Voyles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69486-x","article-title":"Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) not detected in an intensive survey of wild North American amphibians","volume":"10","author":"Waddle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1890\/14-1837.1","article-title":"Antifungal isolates database of amphibian skin-associated bacteria and function against emerging fungal pathogens: Ecological Archives E096-059","volume":"96","author":"Woodhams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2025012213261723700_aah10231-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-017-1095-7","article-title":"Prodigiosin, violacein, and volatile organic compounds produced by widespread cutaneous bacteria of amphibians can inhibit two Batrachochytrium fungal pathogens","volume":"75","author":"Woodhams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbial Ecology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaah\/article-pdf\/36\/4\/303\/61489961\/aah10231.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaah\/article-pdf\/36\/4\/303\/61489961\/aah10231.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T13:26:32Z","timestamp":1737552392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaah\/article\/36\/4\/303\/7959859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aah.10231","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-7659","1548-8667"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0899-7659"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1548-8667"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}