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Physiological arousal (heart rate (HR)), priming of aggressive thoughts, and state hostility were also measured to test their possible mediation on the relationship between playing the violent game (VG) and aggression. The participants\u2014148 undergraduate students\u2014were randomly assigned to four treatment conditions: two groups played a violent computer game (Unreal Tournament), and the other two a non\u2010violent game (Motocross Madness), half with a VR device and the remaining participants on the computer screen. In order to assess the game effects the following instruments were used: a BIOPAC System MP100 to measure HR, an Emotional Stroop task to analyze the priming of aggressive and fear thoughts, a self\u2010report State Hostility Scale to measure hostility, and a competitive reaction\u2010time task to assess aggressive behavior. The main results indicated that the violent computer game had effects on state hostility and aggression. Although no significant mediation effect could be detected, regression analyses showed an indirect effect of state hostility between playing a VG and aggression. Aggr. Behav. 34:521\u2013538, 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,27]],"date-time":"2008-05-27T14:50:42Z","timestamp":1211899842000},"page":"521-538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Are the effects of <i>Unreal<\/i> violent video games pronounced when playing with a virtual reality system?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Arriaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Benedicta","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00366"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.4.772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167286124002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"The Architecture of Cognition","author":"Anderson J","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167295215002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167296224004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.5.960"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(04)36004-1","article-title":"Violent video games: Specific effects of violent content on aggressive thoughts and behavior","volume":"36","author":"Anderson CA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"ArriagaP. 2000.Viol\u00eancia nos videojogos e a agressividade: estudo explorat\u00f3rio da associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre jogar videojogos violentos e a agressividade em adolescents (Violence in videogames and aggressiveness: An exploratory study of the relationship between playing violent videogames and aggressiveness among teenagers). 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