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Our findings indicate that the patterns of offending across the life\u2010course differ between genders, where males seem to initiate their offending earlier than females. Further, there are very few women on a persistent offending\u2010trajectory. Focusing on precursors to as well as consequences of offending as indexed in official registers, our results indicate that individuals in the persistent offender group have the most pronounced adjustment problems in school\u2010 as well as in middle age. Individual characteristics and behaviors (e.g., aggression, hyperactivity, antisocial behavior) vary systematically between individuals with different developmental offending patterns. The combination of an unstable upbringing and own antisocial behavior seems to be especially predictive for criminality. For persistent offenders, the prevalence of alcohol and psychiatric problems at adult age is high for males and extremely high for females (nine out of ten and six out of ten for each of the two problem types for females). Further, the importance for adjustment of the two\u2010dimensional variation in the number of crimes committed during adolescence and adult age seems to have been surprisingly well captured by the \u201ccrude\u201d division into the four offender groups that were used. Aggr. Behav. 35:164\u2013178, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,28]],"date-time":"2009-01-28T19:17:42Z","timestamp":1233170262000},"page":"164-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Predictors and outcomes of persistent or age\u2010limited registered criminal behavior: a 30\u2010year longitudinal study of a Swedish urban population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Lars R.","family":"Bergman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Karin","family":"Andershed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00869.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"BergmanLR.2000.Women's health work and education in a life\u2010span perspective. 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