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We examined the contribution of moral disengagement (MD), hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies, and we further explored the individual contribution of each MD mechanism. Our aim was to identify shared and unique cognitive factors of the two forms of aggression. Three hundred and thirty\u2010nine secondary school children completed self\u2010report measures that assessed MD, hostile attribution bias, outcome expectancies, and their roles and involvement in traditional and cyber aggression. We found that the MD total score positively related to both forms of peer\u2010directed aggression. Furthermore, traditional peer aggression positively related to children's moral justification, euphemistic language, displacement of responsibility and outcome expectancies, and negatively associated with hostile attribution bias. Moral justification also related positively to cyber aggression. Cyber aggression and cyber victimization were associated with high levels of traditional peer aggression and victimization, respectively. The results suggest that MD is a common feature of both traditional and cyber peer aggression, but it seems that traditional forms of aggression demand a higher level of rationalization or justification. Moreover, the data suggest that the expectation of positive outcomes from harmful behavior facilitates engagement in traditional peer aggression. The differential contribution of specific cognitive mechanisms indicates the need for future research to elaborate on the current findings, in order to advance theory and inform existing and future school interventions tackling aggression and bullying. Aggr. Behav. 36:81\u201394, 2010. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,24]],"date-time":"2009-12-24T18:07:19Z","timestamp":1261678039000},"page":"81-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":411,"title":["Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: the role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Chrisa D.","family":"Pornari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1<49::AID-AB4>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"La relazione vittima\u2010prepotente: stabilit\u00e0 del fenomeno e ricorso a meccanismi di disimpegno morale [Bully\u2013victim relationship: stability of the phenomenon and use of moral disengagement]","volume":"5","author":"Bacchini D","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scienze dell'Interazione"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory","author":"Bandura A","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2462-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0303_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0305724022014322"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.71.2.364"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:5<333::AID-AB2>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854800027001003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/082957359601100220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2006.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"356","volume-title":"Empathy and Its Development","author":"Berkowitz L","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00445.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"The Direct and Indirect Aggression Scales","author":"Bj\u00f6rkqvist K","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431699019003003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9507.00203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1375\/ajgc.15.1.68","article-title":"Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise?","volume":"15","author":"Campbell MA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust J Guid Couns"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"La misura del disimpegno morale in et\u00e0 evolutiva [Measuring age differences in moral disengagement]","volume":"51","author":"Caprara GV","year":"1995","journal-title":"Et\u00e0 Evolutiva"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"CardNA. 2003 April.Victims of peer aggression: A meta\u2010analytic review. 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