{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:53:55Z","timestamp":1790506435857,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]],"date-time":"2016-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aggressive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Hostile people tend to view the world as a hostile place. Although there are individual differences in hostile world\u2010views, situational factors can also play a role. For example, scenes of violence in the mass media might influence people to view the world as a hostile place. This meta\u2010analysis aggregates, for the first time, all studies that have investigated the link between exposure to violent media and hostile appraisals (e.g., perceiving the ambiguous actions by others as aggressive actions). This meta\u2010analysis included 37 independent studies involving 10,410 participants. The results showed a \u201csmall\u201d to \u201cmoderate\u201d sized average correlation between exposure to violent media and hostile appraisals (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>+<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.20, 95%CI\u2009=\u2009.14, .26). Significant correlations were found in experimental, cross\u2010sectional, and longitudinal studies, indicating a triangulation of evidence. Effects were not correlated with participant gender. Effects were also stable over time. However, the link between exposure to violent media and hostile appraisals was positively related to age, perhaps because violent media can have cumulative effects over time. There was no evidence of publication bias. The findings from this meta\u2010analysis are consistent with the General Aggression Model (e.g., Anderson, &amp; Bushman, 2002; Annual Review of Psychology 53:27\u201351). These results compliment those from previous meta\u2010analyses showing that violent media can increase aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, physiological arousal, and aggressive behavior. These findings also have practical significance, because people who view the world in a hostile manner are more likely to behave aggressively themselves. Aggr. Behav. 42:605\u2013613, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]],"date-time":"2016-04-28T07:37:09Z","timestamp":1461829029000},"page":"605-613","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Violent media and hostile appraisals: A meta\u2010analytic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Brad J.","family":"Bushman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Department of Psychology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Communication Science VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta\u2010analysis."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532480xads0803_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.78.4.772"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018251"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211423671"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20227"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260802492018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","volume-title":"Introduction to meta\u2010analysis","author":"Borenstein M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"5079","article-title":"Impact of violence exposure on hostility, physiological arousal, and health in youth","volume":"66","author":"*Brady S. 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