{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:58:33Z","timestamp":1792043913794,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education Iuventus Plus","award":["IP2014 002273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP2014 002273"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aggressive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In three studies (two representative nationwide surveys,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,007,\n                      <jats:italic>N\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u2009682; and one experimental,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200976) we explored the effects of exposure to hate speech on outgroup prejudice. Following the General Aggression Model, we suggest that frequent and repetitive exposure to hate speech leads to desensitization to this form of verbal violence and subsequently to lower evaluations of the victims and greater distancing, thus increasing outgroup prejudice. In the first survey study, we found that lower sensitivity to hate speech was a positive mediator of the relationship between frequent exposure to hate speech and outgroup prejudice. In the second study, we obtained a crucial confirmation of these effects. After desensitization training individuals were less sensitive to hate speech and more prejudiced toward hate speech victims than their counterparts in the control condition. In the final study, we replicated several previous effects and additionally found that the effects of exposure to hate speech on prejudice were mediated by a lower sensitivity to hate speech, and not by lower sensitivity to social norms. Altogether, our studies are the first to elucidate the effects of exposure to hate speech on outgroup prejudice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T03:18:48Z","timestamp":1509592728000},"page":"136-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":232,"title":["Exposure to hate speech increases prejudice through desensitization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2557-8071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktor","family":"Soral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Studies University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Bilewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Winiewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"Bilewicz M. Marchlewska M. Soral W. &Winiewski M.(2014). Hate speech in Poland\u2014summary of the national opinion poll. Warsaw: Stefan Batory Foundation. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.ngofund.org.pl\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/raport_ANG_wersja_final.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12313","article-title":"When authoritarians confront prejudice. Differential effects of RWA and SDO on support for hate speech prohibition","volume":"38","author":"Bilewicz M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"299","article-title":"Measuring social distance","volume":"9","author":"Bogardus E. S","year":"1925","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Sociology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"A social distance scale","volume":"17","author":"Bogardus E. 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Legislating language: Will the NFL ban the N\u2010word? Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/mmqb.si.com\/2014\/03\/03\/nfl\u2010n\u2010word\u2010ban\u2010monday\u2010morning\u2010quarterback"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021711"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/009365001028005005","article-title":"Explaining perceptions of racist speech","volume":"28","author":"Leets L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203254505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000126197.59447.b3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","unstructured":"Pilkington E.(2007). New York city council bans use of the N\u2010word. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2007\/mar\/01\/usa.edpilkington"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","unstructured":"Winiewski M. Hansen K. Bilewicz M. Soral W. \u015awiderska A. Bulska D. (2017). Mowa nienawi\u015bci. Mowa pogardy. Raport z badania przemocy werbalnej wobec grup mniejszo\u015bciowych [Hate speech. Contempt speech. Summary of the national opionion poll on verbal violence towards minorities]. 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