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The aim of the present study was to critically review the evidence on the effectiveness of nutritional supplements in reducing aggression and violence to contribute to a better understanding of options available for managing aggressive behaviors in adults. The EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases were searched for effectiveness studies published in English anytime up until March 2020. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Altogether, 14 studies met inclusion criteria; 2 investigated micronutrients, 10 examined macronutrients, while further 2 examined a combination of micro\u00a0and macronutrients. Out of the 14 studies, 5 reported a beneficial effect of nutritional supplementation (omega\u20103 fatty acids, vitamins\/minerals, S\u2010adenosyl\u2010<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010methionine, or tryptophan). Five studies did not report a significant beneficial effect of nutritional supplementation (omega\u20103 fatty acids, folic acid, tryptophan, broad range supplement containing vitamins and fatty acids, and fatty acids in augmentation with valproic acid), while four studies reported mixed effects (on <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010tryptophan, broad\u2010range micronutrient formula, folic acid, and omega\u20103 fatty acids). The results overall indicated that research in this area is in its infancy: very few studies examined the same composition of nutritional supplementation and when they did so the results were contradictory. The methodological shortcoming of existing studies and directions for future research are discussed to facilitate high\u2010quality research in this evolving area of nutritional psychiatry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T16:00:37Z","timestamp":1613318437000},"page":"296-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nutritional supplementation in the treatment of violent and aggressive behavior: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Fahad M.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nirsan","family":"Kunaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SickKids Research Institute The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Kolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waypoint Research Institute Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care  Penetanguishene Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0861-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barna","family":"Konkol\u00ff Thege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waypoint Research Institute Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care  Penetanguishene Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00284-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01443-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yic.0000224790.98534.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/15701603107059990001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113510072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0894-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2017.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07740-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Characteristics of four types of patient assaults: Fifteen\u2010year analysis of the Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP) with EMS implications","volume":"10","author":"Flannery R. 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